Women

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Womens movement of the 1960s

• Chapter 23, Section 1

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• How does the womens movement of the 1920s
  compare with the womens movement of the 1960s?

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1920s
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Background

• Historically, women have been considered
  intellectually inferior to men.
• They were seen as major sources of temptation and
  evil.
• Women were also considered naturally weaker than
  men

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Flappers
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Flappers

• These women challenged traditional American
  values.
• Characteristics of a Flapper
• Short, bobbed hair
• Short hems on their skirts
• Listened to Jazz music
• Wore makeup
• Drank hard liquor
• Smoked cigarettes
• Treating sex in a more casual manner
• Were opposed to the conventional social and
  sexual norms

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19th Amendment

• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any State on account of sex.
  Congress shall have power to enforce this article
  by appropriate legislation.
• It was ratified on August 18th, 1920.

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(No Transcript)
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1960s
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Background

• The Women's Rights Movement of the 1960s was a
  second wave of activism.
• Drew inspiration from the civil rights movement
• Made up of members of the middle class
• Also caused by the sexual revolution of the 1960s
• Sparked by the development of the birth-control
  pill in 1960

Martin Luther King Jr. giving his"I Have A
Dream, 1963
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Women during WWII
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The 1950s

• The Good Wife's Guide
• (5/13/55 Housekeeping Monthly)
• 1. Have dinner ready. Plan ahead, even the night
  before, to have a delicious meal ready, for his
  return. This is a way of letting him know that
  you have been thinking about him and are
  concerned about his needs. Most men are hungry
  when they come home and the prospect of a good
  meal (especially his favorite dish) is part of
  the warm welcome needed.
• 2. Prepare yourself. Take 15 minutes to rest so
  youll be refreshed when he arrives. Touch up
  your make-up, put a ribbon in your hair and be
  fresh looking. He has just been with a lot of
  work-weary people.

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1950s Good Wifes Guide

• 3. Be a little gay and a little more interesting
  for him. His boring day may need a lift and one
  of your duties is to provide it.
• 4. Clear away the clutter. Make one last trip
  through the main part of the house just before
  your husband arrives.
• 5. Gather up schoolbooks, toys, paper etc. and
  then run a dust cloth over the tables.
• 6. Over the cooler months of the year you should
  prepare and light a fire for him to unwind by.
  Your husband will feel he has reached a haven of
  rest and order, and it will give you a lift too.
  After all, catering for his comfort will provide
  you with immense personal satisfaction.
• 7. Prepare the children. Take a few minutes to
  wash the childrens hands and faces (if they are
  small), comb their hair and, if necessary, change
  their clothes. They are little treasures and he
  would like to see them playing the part. Minimize
  all noise. At the time of his arrival, eliminate
  all noise of the washer, dryer or vacuum. Try to
  encourage the children to be quiet.

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1950s Good Wifes Guide

• 8. Be happy to see him.
• 9. Greet him with a warm smile and show sincerity
  in your desire to please him.
• 10. Listen to him. You may have a dozen important
  things to tell him, but the moment of his arrival
  is not the time. Let him talk first remember,
  his topics of conversation are more important
  than yours.
• 11. Make the evening his. Never complain if he
  comes home late or goes out to dinner, or other
  places of entertainment without you. Instead, try
  to understand his world of strain and pressure
  and his very real need to be at home and relax.
• 13. Dont greet him with complaints and problems.
• 16. Arrange his pillow and offer to take off his
  shoes. Speak in a low, soothing and pleasant
  voice.
• 17. Dont ask him questions about his actions or
  question his judgment or integrity. Remember, he
  is the master of the house and as such will
  always exercise his will with fairness and
  truthfulness. You have no right to question him.

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1950s Good Wifes Guide

• 18. A good wife always knows her place.

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Goals of Feminism

• Patriarchy
• Marriage oppression
• Domestic Violence
• Sexual assault and domestic violence became
  central targets of women's activism
• Susan Brownmiller's book, Against Her Will,
  examines the history of rape
• Feminists work to create domestic violence
  shelters and rape crisis hotlines
• Reproductive Rights control over ones body

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Goals

• Education College Admissions
• Women Earning B.A. degrees
• 1950 25
• 1970 43
• Equal Pay
• Earning cents for each dollar that men earned
• 1963 .59
• 1973 - .57
• The Glass Ceiling

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Betty Friedan

• Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in 1963.
• In her book, she depicted the roles of women in
  industrial societies.
• She focused most of her attention on the
  housewife role of women.
• She referred to the problem of gender roles as
  "the problem without a name".

Feb. 4th, 1921- Feb. 4th, 2006
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• The problem that has no namewhich is simply the
  fact that American women are kept from growing to
  their full human capacitiesis taking a far
  greater toll on the physical and mental health of
  our country than any known disease.
• -- Betty Friedan

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National Organization for Women (NOW)

• Founded in 1966.
• Founded by a group of people, including Betty
  Friedan, and Rev. Pauli Murray.
• The first African-American woman Episcopal
  priest.
• Betty Friedan became the organization's first
  president.

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NOW (cont.)

• The goal of NOW is to bring about equality for
  all women.
• They campaigned to gain passage of the ERA
  amendment at the state level.
• Issues NOW deals with
• works to eliminate discrimination and harassment
  in the workplace, schools, and the justice
  system.
• secure abortion, birth control and reproductive
  rights for all women
• end all forms of violence against women
• eradicate racism, sexism and homophobia
• promote equality and justice in society.

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Shirley Chisholm

• November 30, 1924 to January 1, 2005

• In 1968 Shirley Chisholm of New York was the
  first black woman elected to the House of
  Representatives.

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First national Commission on the Status of Women

• President Kennedyestablished the firstnational
  Commissionon the Status of Women in 1961.
• In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing
  employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal
  inequality, and insufficient support services for
  working women.

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Equal Pay Act 1963

• It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual
  discrimination.
• In 1963 the average female workers wages in the
  United States were equivalent to 58.9 of the
  average male workers earnings.
• It abolished wage differences based on sex.
• No employer having employees subject to any
  provisions of this section section 206 of title
  29 of the United States Code shall discriminate,
  within any establishment in which such employees
  are employed, between employees on the basis of
  sex by paying wages to employees in such
  establishment at a rate less than the rate at
  which he pays wages to employees of the opposite
  sex in such establishment for equal work on
  jobs --
  Equal Pay Act

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Passed in 1964.
• It banned discrimination on the basis of color,
  race, national origin, religion, or sex.
• Section VII set up the Equal Employment
  Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the act.

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Presidential Executive Order 11246

• It was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on
  September 24th, 1965
• It prohibited bias against women in hiring by
  federal government contractors.
• Prohibits federal contractors and federally
  assisted construction contractors and
  subcontractors, who do over 10,000 in Government
  business in one year from discriminating in
  employment decisions on the basis of race, color,
  religion, sex, or national origin."

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Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

• Estelle Griswold was the executive director of
  Planned Parenthood League.
• The case involved a Connecticut law that
  prohibited the use of contraceptives.
• Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to
  privacy.
• Found that Connecticut should allow married
  couples to use birth control.

Chief Justice Earl Warren (top), Estelle Griswold
(right)
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Roe v. Wade (1973)

• Jane Roe was a young women seeking to medically
  end a pregnancy
• The case involved a Connecticut law that
  prohibited abortions.
• Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to
  privacy.
• Struck down state regulations of abortion in the
  first trimester.
• Still allowed states to place some restrictions.

Chief Justice Warren E. Burger (top), "Jane Roe"
aka Norma McCorvey (right)
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Opposition to the Movement

• Why were some women opposed to the goals of the
  Womens Liberation Movement?

Phyllis Schlafly August 15, 1924