notes1

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notes1

• Causes of WWI
• Immediate Cause----June 28, 1914
• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria
• Hostile alliances take effect---War declared
• Central Powers vs. Allied Powers
• Germany Great Britain
• Austria/Hungary France
• Ottoman Empire Russia
• Trench warfare and the Western Front
• 3. President Wilson
• Calls for neutrality conflicting sympathies
• US belief right to trade with all nations
• Germany and Great Britain violated this policy.

WORLD WAR I, 1914 TO 1918
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notes2

• 4. From neutrality to war.
• German policy
• Unrestricted submarine warfare USW
• U-Boat, sunk the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)
• Zimmerman Note Jan. 1917
• 5. April 8, 1917 US declares war on Germany
• Germans violated our trade and neutrality
• War to end all war
• The world must be made safe for democracy
• Side with the Allies

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notes3
US ENTERS THE WAR

• President Wilson The War to End All War
• War outlook in Jan. 1917
• Poor for Allies Why?
• U.S. troops in France---American Expeditionary
  Forces
• Led by General John J. Pershing
• US Troops
• 2. Actions of Wilson and Congress
• 3. Women in WWI
• worked in the factories
• 19th Amendment----womens suffrage
• 4. End of War
• Nov. 11th 11-11-11 end of the war
• Germans sign an armistice

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notes5
WWI, THE AFTERMATH

• 1. President Wilsons 14 Points
• 2. Treaty of Versailles Big 4 countries
• Germany was forced to
• pay war debts reparations---53 billion
• Remain disarmed
• Lost all colonies
• Responsible for war
• Created new countries
• 3. Wilsons Problems at Home
• Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles
• Does not join the League of Nations.Why?
• Lodge vs. Wilson
• Draw U.S. into another war
• Took away Congresss power to declare war.
• Americans wanted neutrality

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notes6

• 4. Results of Treaty of Versailles
• New democracies would fail without US aid
• Germany treaty of revenge leads to WWII
• 5. Post war adjustments.

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• 1st World War in history
• Great War or War to End all War
• Not called WWI until after WWII
• Total war
• Involved 60 nations and 6 continents

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• Cost of War
• 400 billion
• 10 million dollars an hour
• 16 million deaths
• First war of the Industrial Revolution
• New Weapons vs old tactics of fighting

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world map
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NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS
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NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS
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NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS
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NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS
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NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS
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NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS
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Trench Warfare
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Trench Warfare
No Mans Land
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TRENCH WARFARE
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NEW TYPES OF WEAPONS
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The Zeppelin
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FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchers
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Poison Gas
Machine Gun
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LEADERS AND HEROES OF WWI
Franz Ferdinand Kaiser Wilhem President Wilson
Czar Nicholas Gen. John J. Pershing
Sen. Henry Lodge Sergeant Alvin York
Eddie Baron Manfred Valadir Leninn
Rickenbacker von Richthofen
Central Powers Allied Powers
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CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I

• Nationalism
• Countries proud of their heritage and culture
• Similar to patriotism
• Ethnic groups of similar heritage wanted to free
  their oppressed brethren and unite their people
  into one country
• Germany wanted to expand its culture and
  political influence throughout Europe.

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4. Aggressive Nationalism
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franz
ASSASSINATION OF FRANZ FERDINAND
Franz Ferdinands funeral procession
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family.
Archduke was heir to the throne in the Austrian
Hungarian Empire. His assassination June 28,
1914 eventually led to WWI.
Garvillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist
assassinated the Archduke. He was trying to gain
allowances for his fellow Serbs who lived under
Austrian rule.
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alliances1
ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI

• Austrian-Hungarian Empire controlled several
  ethic groups.
• Serbian nationalists wanted to untie Serbs who
  lived in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire with
  Serbia.
• This led to the assassination of the Archduke
  Franz Ferdinand.

Saravejo
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CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I

• Imperialism
• France, Great Britain, Germany and Russia were
  establishing colonies in Africa and Asia
• economic and political control over other
  countries
• these countries were in competition for colonies

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Cartoon-European grab bag
CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
European nations competing for colonies around
the world..Imperialism
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Cartoon-European grab bag
COLONIAL CLAIMS BY 1900
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Cartoon-European grab bag
COLONIAL CLAIMS BY 1900
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CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I

• Militarism
• European nations began an arms race as they
  competed for colonies around the world

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Militarism Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, British
and Russia in millions of dollars.
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
France 10
Britain 13
Russia 39
Germany 73
By 1906, President Roosevelt had built the US
Navy into the 3rd largest naval fleet in the
world.The Great White Fleet
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Mobilization

• Home by Christmas!
• No major war in 50 years!
• Nationalism!

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CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I

• Alliances
• European nations began forming military alliances
  with one another to maintain a balance of power
  ..
• Triple Alliance Triple EntenteCentral
  Powers Allied Powers
• Germany Great Britain Austria-Hungary
  Empire FranceBulgaria Russia

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alliances1
ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI

• June 28Assassination at Sarajevo
• July 28Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• July 30Russia began mobilization
• 4. August 1Germany declared war on Russia

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alliances2
ALLIANCES LEAD TO WWI

• August 3Germany declared war on France
• 6. August 3Great Britain declared war on
  Germany
• August 6Russia and Austria/Hungary at war.
• August 12Great Britain declared war on
  Austria/Hungary

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Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Great Britain
Germany
Austrian-Hungarian Empire
France
Russia
Turkey
Italy
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GERMAN INVASION OF BELGIUM
battle fronts

• German invasion in August of 1914, through
  Belgium to conquer France.
• Gave French and British militaries enough time to
  mobilize their army
• Belgium puts up a strong fight.
• 1st Battle of the Marne River, France and Great
  Britain stop Germany from capturing Paris.
• France, England and Germany involve itself in
  trench warfare from 1914 to 1918

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battle fronts
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STALEMATE AND WARFARE

• Stalemate
• By September 1914, the war had reached a
  stalemate, a situation in which neither side is
  able to gain an advantage.
• When a French and British force stopped a German
  advance near Paris, both sides holed up in
  trenches separated by an empty no mans land.
  Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of
  human casualties.
• Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to
  gain an advantage.

• Modern Warfare
• Neither soldiers nor officers were prepared for
  the new, highly efficient killing machines used
  in WW I.
• Machine guns, hand grenades, artillery shells,
  and poison gas killed thousands of soldiers who
  left their trenches to attack the enemy.
• As morale fell, the lines between soldiers and
  civilians began to blur. The armies began to
  burn fields, kill livestock, and poison wells.

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US IN 1914

• Panama Canal was completed in August of 1914 just
  a week before WWI began in Europe.
• Woodrow Wilson became President in 1912.
• Americans were shocked by the outbreak of war
  but..it was in Europe.
• US was officially NEUTRAL

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WILSON'S NEUTRALITY
The effect of the war upon the United States will
depend upon what American citizens say and do.
Every man who really loves America will act and
speak in the true spirit of neutrality, which is
the spirit of impartiality and fairness and
friendliness to all concerned. The people of the
United States are drawn from many nations, and
chiefly from the nations now at war. It is
natural and inevitable that there should be the
utmost variety of sympathy. Some will wish one
nation, others another, to succeed in the
momentous struggle. I venture, therefore, my
fellow countrymen, the United States must be
neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these
days that are to try men's souls.
CONFLICTING SYMPATHIES
wilson neutrality1
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notes2
US POLICY BEFORE WWI

• US believed
• It had the right to trade with the warring
  nations
• Warring nations must respect our neutrality
• in the freedom of the seas
• German submarine warfare and British blockade
  violated our neutrality

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• Effects of Allied blockade
• 1914, 70 million in trade with Central powers
• 1916, trade reduced to 1.3 million
• Allied trade
• Grew from 825 million to 3.2 billion in same
  time period
• WWI transformed the US from a debtor to a
  creditor nation

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SUBMARINE WARFARE

• The Germans could not match Great Britain's
  superior navy.
• Germans introduced unrestricted submarine warfare
  with U-Boats
• Germans warned the world they would sink any ship
  they believed was carrying contraband to Great
  Britain.

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U-Boats

• Two types
• small subs with a crew of 24
• larger subs with a crew of 60
• 44 by 1918

• By 1918, Germans had sunk 6,500 allied ships.

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Lusitania ad
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war zone
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SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA

• May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the Lusitania which
  was British passenger liner.
• Germans believed it was carrying contraband
  (weapons) to the British.
• Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans.
• U.S. and other countries outraged towards Germany
  because of unrestricted submarine warfare.
• US believed the Germans had violated
  international law of targeting civilians

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Lusitania
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SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA

• After the sinking of the Lusitania, public
  opinion of most Americans was to go to war with
  Germany.
• Germany promised they would not sink anymore
  ships unless warning them first and providing
  safety for civilians.
• BUT, President Wilson was able keep us out of
  war .

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war zone
X
Sussex Sunk led to Sussex Pledge in March 1916.
Germany promised not to sink anymore ships.
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ZIMMERMAN NOTE
Berlin, January 19, 1917 On the first of
February we intend to begin unrestricted
submarine warfare. In spite of this, it is our
intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United
States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an
alliance on the following basis with Mexico That
we shall make war together and together make
peace. We shall give general financial support,
and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer
the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and
Arizona. The details are left to you for
settlement.... You are instructed to inform the
President of Mexico of the above in the greatest
confidence as soon as it is certain that there
will be an outbreak of war with
zimmerman notes
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ZIMMERMAN NOTE
with the United States and suggest that the
President of Mexico, on his own initiative,
should communicate with Japan suggesting
adherence at once to this plan
at the same time, offer to mediate between
Germany and Japan. Please call to the attention
of the President of Mexico that the employment of
ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel
England to make peace in a few months. Zimmerman
(Secretary of State)
zimmerman notes
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zimmerman code
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zimmerman code
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zimmerman cartoon
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WILSON'S WAR SPEECH
When German submarines sank three American
merchant ships in March 1917, Wilson asked
Congress for a declaration of war.
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Wilson's War Speech
April 8, 1917, the US declares war on Germany.
The new German policy has swept every
restriction aside. Vessels of every kind.have
been ruthlessly sent to the bottom without
warning and without thought of help or mercy for
those on board.The present German submarine
war..is a war against all nations.Our motive
will not be revenge or the victorious assertion
of the physical might of the nation, but on the
vindication of right, of human right. We
are..the sincere friends of the German
people..We shall, happily, still have an
opportunity to prove that friendship in our daily
attitude and actions towards the millions of men
and women of
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Wilson's War Speech
German birth and native sympathy who live amongst
us and share our life... There aremany months
of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is
a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful
people into war, into the most terrible and
disastrous of all wars, civilization itself
seeming to be in the balance. But the right is
more precious than peace, and we shall fight for
the things which we have always carried nearest
our heartsdemocracy, for the right of those who
submit to authority to have a voice in their own
Governments, for the rights and liberties of
small nations, for a universal dominion of
right..as shall bring peace and safety to all
nations and make the world safe for democracy.
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Wilson's War Speech
To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our
fortunes, everything that we are and everything
that we have, with the pride of those who know
that the day has come when America is privileged
to spend her blood and her might for the
principles that gave her birth and happiness and
the peace which she has treasured.
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Principles Fought For

• The right is more precious than peace
• war to end all war
• The world must be safe for democracy.
• defend human rights
• defend our trade
• neutrality
• freedom of the seas
• violation of international law

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kaiser defies
I Dare you to come, 1917The Kaiser defies
American rights, national honor, freedom of the
seas and international law.
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sandwich man
SANDWICH MAN
The US believed it had the right to trade with
the warring nations and they would respect our
neutrality.Didnt happen! The German
submarine warfare and British blockade violated
our freedom of the seas and neutrality.