Memory

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Memory

• CHAPTER 9

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Intro to Memory

• The Mystery of Memory

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Forgetting Questionnaire

• Average Responses
• 1. C/D 8. B/C 15. B/C
• 2. A 9. A 16. C
• 3. B 10. B 17. B
• 4. B 11. A 18. B
• 5. D 12. D 19. A
• 6. B/C 13. B 20. A
• 7. B/C 14. A

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Most Common Memory Complaints

• Names 83
• Where you put things 60
• Telephone Numbers 57
• Specific Words 53
• Not recalling what you already told someone 49
• Forgetting what people told you 49
• Faces 42
• Directions 41
• What you were getting ready to do 41
• What you have already done (ex. Turn something
  off) 38

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How good is your memory?

• Memoriad Memory Olympics..Annual events include
  memorizing the order of a deck of cards (record
  is 34 secs23 packs in 1 hour, memorizing digits
  in order (630 in 30 mins.) memorizing pi 30,000
  places. Champion is Rajan.
• CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS?

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How good is your memory?

• CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS FROM A LIST?
• Drowsy Bashful Snoozy Sniffy
• Dopey Flabby Hungry Scrapy
• Sneezy Sleepy Sleezy Silly
• Doc Tipsy Happy Joyful
• Gloomy Helpful Cranky Grumpy
• Stuffy Pop Sloppy Hopeful

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How good is your memory?

• THE SEVEN DWARFS
• Dopey, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy, Happy, Grumpy, Doc

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Recognition vs. Recall

• Recognition is usually easier than recall.
• Recall you must generate possible answers and
  then identify correct answers.
• Recognition Given possible answers and have to
  select the correct one(s)

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Memory How are memories made?

• Memory any indication that learning has
  persisted over a period of time through the
  storage and retrieval of information
• 1. Encoding getting info to the brain
• 2. Storage retain the information
• 3. Retrieval getting info back out of the brain
• Human Experiments..What is memory

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Encoding

• Do you remember what a penny looks like?
• Try to draw the face side of a penny in the
  margin of your notes.
• Try to draw the reverse side of a penny .

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A US Penny.

• Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO
• The words one penny
• The words United States of America
• The right side of Washingtons face
• The words ONE CENT
• The date of mint
• The great seal
• The word Lincoln Memorial
• The number 1 centered
• The full face of Lincoln
• The right side of Lincolns face
• A laurel wreath
• The Lincoln Memorial
• The words IN GOD WE TRUST
• The word LIBERTY
• The words E PLURIBUS UNUM
• The Statue of Libertys Torch

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Which penny is correct?

• P. 377

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A US Penny.

• Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO
• The words ONE PENNY
• The words United States of America
• The words ONE CENT
• The date of mint
• The great seal
• The word Lincoln Memorial
• The number 1 centered
• The full face of Lincoln
• The right side of Lincolns face
• A laurel wreath
• The Lincoln Memorial
• The words IN GOD WE TRUST
• The word LIBERTY
• The words E PLURIBUS UNUM
• The Statue of Libertys Torch

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US Penny

• Why dont we encode everything?
• This is called encoding failure
• What do we decide to encode?
• We typically encode the things that are important
  to us!
• Although we see pennies on a daily basis we may
  not encode what their features this is not
  necessary to tell a penny from other coins
• Instructions Turn your head to face the back of
  the room.

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What we encode

• Q. 2 vivid memories. Q Why? do A. they are
  emotionally significant this is called flashbulb
  memory.(p.351). Review- preschool popcorn
  fire,earliest childhood memory
• Ex. Where were you when you first heard the
  report of the twin towers begin hit by airplanes?
  Sandy Hook?
• Show Human Experience Tape on flashbulb memory
•  Information that is different. (Teacher
  presenting in different way

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What we encode

• can be related to other ingrained memories
• also what we focus or give attention going in a
  line/circle.
• Information that is important. Q. Top color on US
  Flag, top of a stoplight (which is more
  important?) Letters that are not on a home phone,
  US Penny exer.
• Meaningful- BAZ, LEQ, WAV, GEK, HIW vs. OWL, BAT,
  MAN, FUN

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Three Box / Three Stage Processing Model

• External events are processed by our sensory
  memory
• Immediate recording of info in the memory system

Sensory memory
Long Term Memory
Short Term Memory
Retrieval
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Three Box / Three Stage Processing Model

• Some of the info from the sensory memory is
  encoded into our short-term memory
• Memory that holds only a small amount of info
• In short term before the info is stored in long
  term or forgotten
• Sometimes referred to as working memory (we are
  currently working with these memories and they
  are at a conscious level)

Sensory memory
Long Term Memory
Short Term Memory
Retrieval
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Three Box / Three Stage Processing Model

• Some of info from our short term memory is
  encoded in our long-term memory.
• Permanent storage but long term memories can
  fade
• Long term memory is thought to be unlimited

Sensory memory
Long Term Memory
Short Term Memory
Retrieval
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Sensory Memory

• Sensory Memory - Split second holding tank for
  incoming information
• Most sensory information is not encoded
• Iconic memory fleeting photographic memory
• Q When we say Oprah is an icon..what do we mean?
• Echoic memory fleeting auditory memory. Q
  experience with your parents
• How do we choose what to encode from sensory
  input?
• Whats meaningful, important .etc, what were
  attending to (we have selective attention)

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Iconic Memory Activity

• George Sperling flashes a group of 9 letters for
  1/20th of a second people could recall only half
  the letters. When asked to recall a particular
  row immediately they could do so near perfectly
• Iconic Memory Activity Live Psych

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Short Term Memory

• Limited capacity
• Memories in the short-term are temporary (could
  fade within seconds or minutes)
• Capacity is limited to around seven items (plus
  or minus 2)
• Activity Memory Capacity
• The capacity could be increased by using
  chunking, rehearsal or mnemonic devices
• Rajan- Supermemorist

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Long Term Memory

• Unlimited capacity
• Not truly permanent since memories can fade
• Memories stored in three different formats p. 368
• Episodic Memory memory of specific events,
  stored in a sequential series. Ex. learning to
  ride a bike
• Procedural Memory Memory of how to perform
  skills, stored in sequential series. Ex. How to
  ride a bike
• Semantic Memory General knowledge, facts,
  meaning, stored in categories

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Retrospective vs. prospective Memory

• Retrospective Memory- Remembering things youve
  done in the past
• Prospective Memory- remembering what youre
  supposed to do. (ex. fill out college application
  by Saturday)

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Long Term Memories

• Explicit vs. Implicit Memories
• Explicit (aka declarative) conscious recall
• Ex. general knowledge or experiencesrecall a
  definition
• Implicit (aka non declarative) without
  conscious recall
• Endless Memory, Part 2

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Levels of Processing Model

• Levels of Processing Model Memories are not
  short or long term rather they are either deeply
  or shallowly processed.
• We remember things we spend more cognitive time
  processing
• Activity Live Psych activity