Pneumonia of calves

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Pneumonia of calves
2
Definition

• it is multifactorial respiratory disease of
  calves caused by different types of virus and
  characterized by variable degree of severity of
  pneumonia.

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Etiology

• virus agents
• respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3,
  Reovirus, Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, BVDv and Herpes
  virus.
• Bacterial agents. Pneumonia of calve may be
  complicated with secondary bacterial infections
  such as Chlamydia sp, Mycoplasma sp, Mannheimia
  haemolytica, Streptococcus pneumonia,
  Corynebacteria bovis and E.coli
• Environmental factors
• The disease is often associated with low
  environmental temperatures and a high humidity It
  is thought that the cold may allow infection to
  flare up partly by affecting the respiratory
  defence. Housing of calves in close pox help in
  transfer of infection.

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Epidemiology

• Distribution widely spread and present in Egypt.
• Animal susceptibility The disease is most common
  in young calve of 2-5 M of age and young cattle.
• Seasonal incidence winter months with bad
  management in calve housing.
• Mode of transmission
• The source of infection is nasal discharge of
  clinical infected animal and the infection can be
  transmitted through inhalation of aerosol
  infection.

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Clinical signs

• IP is varies and morbidity rate reach 100 while
  the mortality rate is less than 30.
• Acute form
• Several animals will usually become sick within
  the next 2448 hours. There is normally a
  reduction in feed intake of the group and
  widespread coughing will be apparent.
• a mucoid or mucopurulent oculo-nasal discharge,
  tachypnoea (respirations are usually over 40 per
  minute), dyspnoea and hyperpnoea are normally
  present

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• Chronic form
• The condition is one of gradual onset. It may
  have a slight mucoid or mucopurulent oculonasal
  discharge. The temperature is normal or slightly
  raised at 38.539.5 C. There is a dry, explosive
  cough that is usually produced singely.

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Postmortem lesions

• There is localized consolidation particularly of
  the cranial lobes of lung and the tissue is dark
  red, friable and there is no gross evidence of
  necrosis.
• The lesion present after bacteria infection are
  differ according to type of bacteria as
  pasteurella sp. and mycoplasma sp cause extensive
  heptaization with mottled and red and gray
  lobules and fibrinous pleurisy.

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Diagnosis

• field diagnosis based on history and
  epidemiology of disease, signs of pneumonia and
  postmortem lesions.
• Laboratory diagnosis
• virus isolation on cell cultures.
• serological examination ELISA, FAT, SNT and HI
  tests.
• Histopathological findings.

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Treatment

• Several antibiotics are of use, including tylosin
  at 410mg/kg body weight, spiramycin at a dose of
  20mg/kg body weight
• Expectorants. One drug used at present as a
  spasmolytic is bromhexine hydrochloride, which
  can be given orally or by intramuscular injection
  at a dose of about 0.5 mg/kg body weight for five
  to seven days.
• Corticosteroids. The drugs commonly in use today
  include dexamethasone, prednisolone.

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Control

• . Early detection and diagnosis of the disease
  and isolation of infected one. Suspected cases
  should be isolated and received symptomatic
  treatment
• Proper management
• Vaccination
• Combined inactivated respiratory virus vaccines
  (pneumo 3 and pneumo 4)
• The pneumo 3 vaccine contains BVD, IBR, PI-3. The
  pneumo 4 vaccine contains BVD, IBR, PI-3, and
  adenovirus. They are used I/M injection in 2
  doses 5 ml/calf for each with 2 week apart
• Cattle Master 4 vaccine (IBR, BVD, PI-3 and RSV)
• I/M injection of 2 ml in 2 doses with 2-4 weeks
  apart