Basics of Entomology

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Basics of Entomology

• Clyde S. Gorsuch
• Department of Entomology
• Clemson University

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Good or Bad??

• Many are beneficial
• Parasites
• Predators
• Pollinators
• All others cause no damage

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The Good and the Bad

• Good Guys
• Lady Beetles
• Syrphid Flies
• Lacewings
• Predatory Thrips
• Parasitic Wasps
• Predatory Mites

• Bad Guys
• Japanese Beetles
• Aphids
• Thrips
• Whiteflies
• Caterpillars
• Spider Mites

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Classification

• Kingdom (Animal or Plant)
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Common name

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Classification of the House Fly

• Kingdom Animal
• Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Insecta
• Order Diptera
• Family Muscidae
• Genus Musca
• Species domestica
• Common name house fly

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Common Names

• Helicoverpa (Heliothis) zea
• corn earworm
• tomato fruitworm
• cotton bollworm

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Insects Good or Bad??

• 100,000 species in the continental U.S.
• 1,000 present in yard at any one time
• 150 - 3,000 may be pests

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Arthropods I

• Class Arachnida
• spiders, mites, ticks
• two body parts
• four pairs of legs

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Spider and Mite Body Parts
abdomen
cephalothorax
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Arthropods II

• Class Crustacea
• sowbugs, pillbugs, crayfish
• two body parts
• five pairs of legs

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Arthropods III

• Class Insecta
• bugs, beetles, flies, butterflies, etc.
• three body parts
• head, thorax, abdomen
• three pairs of legs
• 0, 1, or 2 pairs of wings

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Insect Body Parts
Thorax
Head
Abdomen
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Non-Specialized Legs
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Specialized Legs Grasping
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Specialized Legs Digging
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Specialized Legs Jumping
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Specialized Legs Running
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Wings

• Strengthened by veins
• May be bare, scaled, hairy
• ptera Greek with wings
• Diptera two-winged
• Hemiptera half-winged
• Hymenoptera membrane winged
• Isoptera equal wing

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Wings
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Mouthparts

• Very important
• Chewing
• Piercing-Sucking
• Damage symptoms reflect the type of mouthparts

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Chewing

• Includes the majority of the chewing insects
• Most Beetles
• Caterpillars
• Grasshoppers
• Katydids

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Chewing

• Physical removal of plant tissue
• May be external
• May be internal
• Frass is usually present
• Frass is sawdust-like excrement
• (bug poop)

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Chewing

• External feeding
• Feeding on leaf surface
• Physical removal of plant tissue
• Old damage may resemble a spot
• Frass may be present

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Chewing

• Internal Feeding
• Leafminers
• Old damage may produce a shothole
• Should find frass

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Piercing-Sucking

• Thrips
• Laceration of epidermis
• Exuding sap is sucked up

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Piercing-Sucking (Thrips)

• May produce flecks or specks
• May produce russeting
• May produce dwarfing or savoying

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Piercing-Sucking

• Hemipterous Subtype
• Chinch Bugs
• Stink Bugs/Plant Bugs
• Aphids
• Scale Insects

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Piercing-Sucking

• Mite Subtype
• Spider Mites, Eriophyid Mites, Cyclamen Mites

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Piercing-Sucking

• Mouthparts are needle-like
• Entry hole very small
• Symptoms highly variable

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Piercing-Sucking Hemipterous Subtype

• Symptoms
• Yellowing
• Flecks Specks

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Piercing-Sucking Hemipterous Subtype Mite
Subtype

• Symptoms
• Gall formation (tumefactions)

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Piercing-Sucking Mite Subtype

• Symptoms
• Bronzing
• Curl
• Dwarfing

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Coleoptera (Beetles)
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Demaptera (Earwigs)
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Diptera (Flies)
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Hemiptera (True Bugs)
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Homoptera (scales, whiteflies, aphids)
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Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, horntails)
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Lepidoptera

• Butterflies
• Moths
• All caterpillars feed on plant material

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Neuroptera (lacewings, etc.)
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Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, mantids)
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Non-Insects (mites, ticks, spiders)
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Questions?

• The End