European Supremacy and Modern European Thought

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European Supremacy and Modern European Thought

• Chapter 23-24

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Second Ind. Revolution

• Focused on steel, chemicals, electricity and oil
• First-R.R. and expansion

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Electricity

• Supply power anywhere
• Improve quantity and quality of work
• Growth of cities
• Transportation-subways
• The Tube-Gr. Br. 1882

4
Automobile

• 1880s Wealthy toy
• Henry Ford
• Assembly line
• Car affordable
• Demand other goods increases

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Impact

• Competition increases
• Technology-goods from other countries
• Refrigeration
• Food prices drop
• Department stores-Sears Roebuck

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Growth of Cities

• England
• People living in cities of 20,000 or more
• 1801 1.5 million 17
• 1851 6.3 million 35
• 1891 15.6 million 54
• Way more than most other places

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Conditions

• Space is at a premium houses built wall to wall
• No Yards
• 10 people one room
• Unsanitary sewers left open
• Bathrooms-are you kidding?

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Edwin Chadwick

• British Administrator
• disease caused poverty
• Closed sewers picked up garbage
• Led to first public health laws

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Louis Pasteur

• Miasmatic theory vs. germ theory
• Germs can be controlled by heat
• development of vaccines and antiseptic

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Money, Money, Money

• Distribution of income
• Huge gap between rich and poor
• Rich have a smaller tax burden

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Europe Reads

• Primary education
• Newspapers, books explode
• Literacy opening up opportunities

12
Middle Classes

• Many occupations, political beliefs trying to
  become new aristocracy
• Buying second homes in the country
• Began to marry into noble family
• Upper middle class very successful
  industrialists
• Middle middle class Dr.s, lawyers, merchants
• Lower middle class shopkeepers, small trader

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Middle Class Culture (Expenses)

• Home life focus-food
• buy homes, not rent
• Education for children books, music, travel
• Code of behavior
• hard work
• self discipline
• personal achievement

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Working Classes

• 4 out of 5 people
• Physical labor farm or factory
• Three divisions
• 1) Highly Skilled-engineers
• 2) Semiskilled-carpenters
• 3) Unskilled-house servants

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Unskilled workers

• Domestic servants 1 out of 7 people in GB
• Majority are women 1 out of 3 women
• Low pay
• live with bosses

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Working Class Leisure

• Alcohol a problem
• Sport horse racing and soccer
• Music new music halls constructed wide variety
  of music
• Decline in church attendance

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Marriage

• Economic consideration
• Families protect daughters
• a virgin is worth more
• Illegitimacy explosion
• 1 of 3 births out of wedlock
• Prostitution The oldest profession in the
  world

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Contagious Disease Acts

• Prost. Take medical exams
• Discrimination against women
• Push to legalize Prost.
• Victim or Criminal?
• Wanted govt support for children
• Vital to society
• Contraception-Better society

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Gender Roles

• Farm men and women work together
• Industrial Rev. move up in social status
• women expected to stay home
• Separate spheres
• Women home
• men work
• Women did work
• Less money and discrimation

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• Once married, a husband takes over a wifes legal
  rights
• In law husband and wife are one person, and the
  person is the husband.
• Many women rebelled went to work
• 1882 women given full property rights
• Many women become leaders in the socialist
  movements

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• Women control the money
• Husbands get an allowance
• All major economic decisions were made by the
  wife
• Also expected to pamper her husband

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Child Rearing

• Infant mortality-high
• Mothers try not to get to attached
• This changes mid-19th C.
• 1860 avg of 6 children
• 1890 avg of 4 children
• 1920 avg of 2.5 children
• Why is the rate decreasing?

23

• Children no longer an economic asset
• Parents can now afford to provide a more
  expensive education
• Parents expect more from children

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European Jews

• Discriminated against-middle ages
• Identified with money and banking
• Dreyfus Affair

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Dreyfus Affair

• A. Dreyfus-French Jewish officer
• Gave secrets to Germans
• Life On Devils Island
• Not Guilty
• French and C.C. not want to be embarrassed

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• Press goes nuts
• Retried and found guilty again
• Eventually Dry. Pardoned
• Fr. Not talk about it.
• Pushes France to the left
• Conservatives defend actions

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Zionism

• Theodor Herzl- The Jewish State 1896
• Separate state for Jews
• Appealed to poor Jews from ghettos

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Charles Darwin 1808-1882

• On the Origin of Species
• Did Not originate concept of evolution
• Natural Selection
• Species changed or evolved over time
• Fit will survive
• natural selection
• might makes right

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The Descent of Man-1871

• Natural Selection applied to humans
• Mans moral nature
• Religious sentiments
• Physical makeup
• Developed over time in order to survive
• We fit into our enviornment

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Thomas Huxley 1893

• Defends Darwin
• Argued against Spencer
• How society should not act

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Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900

• Germany-Christianity is a useless sacrifice of
  flesh and spirit.
• War and courage have accomplished more great
  things than love of thy neighbor
• Many leave church
• Can now live without it..

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Herbert Spencer 1820-1903

• Society better through competition
• Weak are protected-society fails
• Might makes right

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Christianity Attacked

• 1835-David Friedrich Strauss
• The Life of Jesus
• Bible-story of Jesus
• Myth
• Created by people of that time
• What they wanted in a good story
• No proof
• Educated move away from religion

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Morality

• Question the cruelty and unpredictablity
• God-sacrifices own son
• Perfect human being
• Personal satisfaction
• Conflict teaching

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R.C. and the Modern World

• Pope Pius IX 1864
• Intimidated by Liberals and unification of Italy
• Syllabus of Errors
• Church against contemporary science, philosophy
  and politics.
• 1910-priests take anti-modern oath

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Social sciences

• Thinkers apply scientific methods to the study of
  society
• August Comte Father of Sociology
• Study of social interactions
• Nature vs. nurture

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Sigmund Freud

• Psychoanalysis
• Modern Psychology
• New generation
• Challenges old ways of thinking
• Understand human behavior
• Question why?

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Impressionism

• Began late 19th C. Paris
• Name given by an art critic as an insult
• Ordinary subject matter
• Visible brush strokes
• Changing qualities of light (passage of time)
• Movement

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Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1872
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Monet, Water Garden and Japanese Footbridge,1900
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Degas, Blue Dancers,1895
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Degas, losing his vision
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Renoir, Dance at Moulin de la Galette, 1876
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Renoir, Girl with a Watering Can, 1876
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Post-Impressionism

• Very similar to impressionists
• Distortion of forms
• Unnatural, arbitrary colors

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Seurat, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La
Grande Jatte, 1884-6
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Seurat, La Parade (detail), 1889
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Van Gogh, Room at Arles, 1889
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Van Gogh, Sunflowers, 1889
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Van Gogh, Wheatfield with Crows, 1890