American and Florida History

1
American and Florida History

• Mrs. Maddox Mr. Piernick

2
First Industrial Revolution

• Spread from Great Britain to the United States
• Production passed to factories powered by
  machines, mostly in northern states.
• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. Southern
  states became major cotton producers.
• Erie Canal built, as well as other canals,
  railroads, and roads.
• Robert Fulton developed the first commercially
  successful steamboat

3
Social reform movements

• Abolitionism (Harriet Tubman, William Lloyd
  Garrison, John Brown, Frederick Douglass, Harriet
  Beecher Stowe)
• Temperance
• Womens rights (Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady
  Stanton, Elizabeth Blackwell)
• Movements to improve conditions for workers and
  prisoners
• Public education (Horace Mann)

4
Famous writers

• James Fenimore Cooper
• Washington Irving
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Herman Melville
• Walt Whitman
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

5
North vs South

• Slavery existed in all 13 colonies, but
  widespread slavery was only profitable in the
  South.
• After independence, the North and South differed
  on tariffs, banking and currency, internal
  improvements at federal expense, and slavery.
• North was more commercial and industrialized,
  while the South was more agricultural.
• The Southern economy depended on slavery, but
  most Southern whites did not own slaves.

6
Missouri Compromise 1820

• Balance of power in Congress between slave and
  free states was maintained, when Maine was
  admitted along with Missouri.
• Maine had been part of Massachusetts. Missouri
  was a slave state.
• Slavery in western territories was banned north
  of 36 30 N. latitude

7
Compromise of 1850

• California was admitted as a free state
• Abolition of the slave trade in the District of
  Columbia
• Western territories could decide whether to
  permit slavery
• Fugitive Slave Act

8
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

• Missouri Compromise had banned slavery in these
  areas.
• Law allowed these territories citizens, however,
  to decide whether to allow slavery upon
  statehood.
• Bleeding Kansas violent clashes between
  opponents and supporters of slavery.

9
Dred Scott case 1857

• Supreme Court decided that Dred Scott, a slave
  from Missouri, did not become free by entering
  Illinois, a free state.
• The Court declared that slaves were property, not
  citizens, and had no standing to sue.
• The Missouri Compromise was declared
  unconstitutional because Congress could not
  prohibit slavery in western territories

10
John Brown

• John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry,
  Virginia, attempting to seize a federal arsenal
  and begin a slave uprising in the South.
• Brown was defeated and he was hanged.
• South saw this as proof that most Northerners
  wanted to achieve abolition by force.

11
Outbreak of the Civil War

• The new Republican Party opposed the expansion of
  slavery. Its candidate, Abraham Lincoln of
  Illinois, won the presidential election of 1860
  because the Democratic party had split over the
  issue of the expansion of slavery.
• Southern states responded by seceding from the
  Union, starting with South Carolina, followed by
  Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
  Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee,
  and North Carolina

12
Outbreak of the Civil War

• These eleven states formed the Confederate States
  of America
• War started with the Confederate attack on Fort
  Sumter in Charleston, SC, in April 1861

13
North and South

• Larger population
• Greater wealth and more natural resources
• Far more railroads and factories
• Controlled the navy , which blockaded the South,
  and continued trading overseas
• Motivation was to preserve the Union, which
  didnt command everyones support

• Only needed to fight a defensive war.
• Hoped for British and French recognition and
  assistance, since they depended on Southern
  cotton
• Excellent military leadership
• Stronger motivation to fight, since they were
  defending their homeland and their independence.

14
War strategies

• North
• Blockade the Confederate coast in order to
  cripple the Southern economy
• Seize control of the Mississippi valley in order
  to cut the South in half.
• Seize the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA

• South
• Capture Washington, DC and force the North to
  surrender
• Exhaust the North, wear it down through
  determined and brave resistance, and force it to
  surrender, since it was less motivated to fight.

15
Civil War

• Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863. Robert E. Lees
  invasion of the North failed
• Battle of Vicksburg, July 1863. North captured
  last remaining Southern position on the
  Mississippi
• Ulysses Grant then became commander in the North.
  He invaded Virginia, while William Sherman
  invaded through Georgia, cutting the Confederacy
  in half.
• Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
  Courthouse, VA, in April 1865.

16
Consequences of the Civil War

• More Americans were killed than in any other war
  in U.S. history
• Southern way of life was lost, and bitterness and
  resentment remained as a legacy in the South for
  decades.
• Modern technologies and techniques played a
  decisive role trench warfare, repeating rifles,
  submarines, ironclad ships, telegraphs,
  railroads.
• The principle that no state can leave the Union
  became accepted, and a unified US went on to
  become a great power.
• Slavery was abolished, although racism survived.

17
Reconstruction

• Lincoln wanted generous terms for the
  Confederacy, but he was assassinated days after
  the war ended.
• Under President Andrew Johnson, Congress imposed
  harsher terms as it was dominated by Radical
  Republicans.
• States were under federal army occupation. The
  Freedmens Bureau was supposed to aid former
  slaves, which led to resentment among Southern
  whites.
• Southern states adopted black codes, which denied
  basic civil rights to blacks. Ku Klux Klan was
  established a secret terrorist organization in
  order to intimidate blacks through violence.

18
Reconstruction

• Congress responded by passing the 13th Amendment
  (abolition of slavery), 14th Amendment (former
  slaves became citizens), and the 15th Amendment
  (blacks could not be denied the right to vote).
• Andrew Johnson was impeached because of his
  conflicts with the Republican Congress.

19
Society and economy 1870-1914

• After the Civil War, the United States became
  fully industrialized and urbanized, and railroads
  linked the entire country.
• The United States had abundant natural resources
  coal, iron, forests, copper, oil.
• Railroads and mass production made consumer goods
  widely available.
• New technologies electric light bulb,
  phonograph, typewriter, telephone, barbed wire,
  automobile, skyscraper

20
Society and economy 1870-1914

• Mass immigration, which provided a labor force
  and market for industry.
• Large corporations grew, and many monopolies and
  trusts arose.
• Workers and farmers formed unions and
  organizations to defend their rights.
• Susan B. Anthony began campaigning for womens
  suffrage. Wyoming became the first state to grant
  women the right to vote.

21
Progressive reforms (T. Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson)

• Civil Service or Pendleton Act
• Introduction of the secret ballot.
• Direct election of senators
• Muckraking journalists exposed abuses and
  corruption
• Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts
• Federal Reserve Bank was established
• Safety of food and drugs
• Conservation of natural areas

22
Imperialism

• 1890s. US became more interested in foreign
  affairs, and some wanted to expand overseas, as
  European powers were doing.
• Cuba rebelled against Spanish rule, and many
  Americans wanted to intervene on Cubans behalf.
• U.S. declared war on Spain in 1898 after the
  battleship Maine blew up in Havana.
• Treaty of Paris. U.S. acquired Guam, Puerto Rico,
  and the Philippines. Spain lost Cuba, which
  became independent after U.S. occupation.

23
Imperialism

• President Theodore Roosevelt believed that the
  U.S. should be a world power and in intervening
  in the Americas. Speak softly and carry a big
  stick.
• U.S. intervened in countries like the Dominican
  Republic, Mexico, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Cuba
• Panama became independent, and the U.S. gained
  the right to build, operate, and own the Panama
  Canal

24
World War I

• President Woodrow Wilson declared American
  neutrality, but the U.S. entered the war in 1917
  because of Germanys practice of unrestricted
  submarine warfare.
• Zimmermann Telegram US discovered that Germany
  was encouraging Mexico to enter the war against
  the United States.
• New technologies tank, poison gas, airplane,
  submarines, machine guns

25

• Massive mobilization of men and industry to fight
  the war.
• Wilsons peace plan was the Fourteen Points
  peace without victory, self-determination,
  disarmament, new international organization to
  preserve peace.
• Paris Peace Conference ignored most of the
  Fourteen Points, but Wilson went along in order
  to get his League of Nations established.
• The Central Powers were punished harshly. They
  lost territory and were forced to pay
  reparations.
• U.S. Senate rejected the League because most
  Americans did not want to commit themselves to
  automatic involvement in foreign wars.

26
1920s

• 18th Amendment Prohibition of the manufacture
  and sale of alcoholic beverages
• 19th Amendment women won the right to vote.
• Much greater influence of automobiles.
• Jazz, motion pictures, aviation, household
  appliances, and radio became part of daily life.
• Tremendous economic boom, with much investment in
  the stock market.

27
Great Depression

• Much stock speculation involved investing in
  stock with borrowed money.
• Stock market crash of October 1929 led to
  financial ruin for many, the failure of many
  banks, business failures, and very high
  unemployment. Foreign trade collapsed.
• Depression was more severe in Germany, which
  relied on American bank loans to pay its war
  debts.

28
Origin of World War II

• Italy was fascist, under Benito Mussolini.
• Japan, under Emperor Hirohito, was increasingly
  militaristic.
• Both dictatorships saw aggressive nationalism and
  expansion as the solution to their economic
  problems. Japan invaded China, and Italy invaded
  Ethiopia.
• The humiliation of the harsh peace treaty, loss
  of territory, the economic collapse, and the
  failure of democratic governments led to the rise
  to power of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party in
  Germany in 1933.

29
Origin of World War II

• Nazi Germany began rearming. It remilitarized the
  Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938,
  seized the Sudetenland in 1938, and occupied the
  rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939.
• Italy and Germany intervened in the Spanish Civil
  War (1936-1939), and the Soviet Union under
  Stalin aided the other side.
• Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939,
  beginning World War II. Germany then conquered
  much of the rest of Europe.

30
United States and World War II

• President Franklin Roosevelt sympathized with the
  Allies and feared an Axis victory. U.S. supplied
  Allies with war materials.
• Isolationists did not want to get involved.
• U.S. opposed Japanese expansionism in Asia, and
  restricted exports to Japan.
• In 1941, Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor naval
  base in Hawaii in order to disable the U.S. fleet
  so that it could have a free hand in the Pacific.

31
World War II in Europe

• Allies agreed to concentrate on defeating Germany
  before Japan. Allied leaders Roosevelt, Stalin,
  and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
• U.S. invaded North Africa, and then Italy in
  1943.
• Germany had invaded the Soviet Union in 1941,
  violating the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact of
  1939. Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point,
  where Germany started losing.
• D-Day (June 1944). Allies invaded France at
  Normandy.
• Germany was overrun by Allied armies from the
  East and West, and surrendered in May 1945.

32
World War II in the Pacific

• Japan conquered much of Southeast Asia and the
  Pacific.
• U.S. pursued island-hopping to push toward Japan.
• Japan surrendered after atomic bombs were dropped
  on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.

33
Consequences of World War II

• Germany and its capital Berlin were divided into
  four occupation zones (United States, Soviet
  Union, Great Britain, and France). Germany lost
  its eastern territory to Poland and the Soviet
  Union
• Nazi Party was banned, and the German military
  disbanded.
• War crimes trials were held for German and
  Japanese leaders.
• Japan was under U.S. military occupation, under
  General Douglas MacArthur. Japans new
  constitution eliminated the political role of the
  emperor and denied Japan the right to wage war.
• United Nations was established to prevent future
  wars.

34
Consequences of World War II

• Millions were killed in Nazi concentration camps.
  Holocaust. Millions of civilians were killed, and
  cities destroyed.
• United States and the Soviet Union became the
  worlds leading powers., and their alliance soon
  fell apart.
• Soviets established communist governments across
  Eastern Europe.
• Mao Zedongs communist forces seized control of
  China in 1949.

35
Cold War

• Dominated U.S. foreign policy between 1945 and
  1990.
• Struggle and intense hostility between communist
  bloc, led by the Soviet Union, and the U.S. and
  its allies. Never became a hot war.
• Nuclear arms race both sides built up their
  arsenals until they developed the ability to
  destroy each other.
• Truman Doctrine or containment US policy was to
  contain or halt the spread of communism

36

• Marshall Plan (1947) After World War II, social
  and economic chaos in Western Europe led to fears
  that it could fall to communism. Marshall Plan
  helped rebuild Western Europe economically and
  assist its recovery
• Soviets tried to prevent German economic
  unification and to expel the western Allies from
  West Berlin through a blockade. Berlin Airlift
  (1948) Western Allies resupplied the city by air.

37
Korea and Vietnam

• Korean War (1950-1953) North Korea invaded South
  Korea, and US troops, along with other UN
  members, defended the South.
• War ended with a cease-fire, and Korea remains
  divided.
• US under Eisenhower and Kennedy began aiding
  South Vietnam defend itself from communist forces
  supported by North Vietnam.
• Under Lyndon Johnson, US troops entered the
  conflict. War grew immensely unpopular, and US
  was divided.
• US in 1973, under Nixon, signed an agreement with
  North Vietnam, and withdrew its troops.

38
Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

• Soviets decided to install nuclear missiles in
  Cuba in order to defend Cuba from a feared US
  invasion. US spy planes discovered them. Kennedy
  decided to quarantine Cuba and demanded the
  missiles withdrawal.
• Worst crisis of the cold war.
• Soviets withdrew the missiles from Cuba, and US
  withdrew its missiles from Turkey. US promised
  not to invade Cuba.

39
Richard Nixon 1969-1974

• US had not recognized the communist government of
  China since 1949. Nixon went to China in 1972 in
  order to gain leverage in its negotiations with
  North Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Changed the
  nature of the cold war. US and China established
  relations in 1979.
• Nixon resigned in 1974 after his involvement in
  covering up the break-in at the Democratic Party
  headquarters in the Watergate was discovered.

40
Jimmy Carter 1977-1981

• Hosted negotiations at Camp David between Egypt
  and Israel, who signed a peace treaty in 1979.
• Shah of Iran was overthrown in 1979, replaced by
  an Islamic theocracy under Ayatollah Khomeini. US
  embassy in Iran was overrun, and the diplomats
  were held hostage.
• Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
• US was now seen as weak.

41
Ronald Reagan 1981-1989

• US helped stop communist forces in El Salvador,
  and tried to overthrow the communist government
  in Nicaragua.
• Iran-contra scandal Profits from selling arms to
  Iran were used to fund Nicaraguan rebels.
• 1983 Hundreds of US marines were killed in a
  suicide bombing in Beirut, Lebanon.
• 1983 US invasion of Grenada.

42
End of the cold war

• Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev began to reform
  the Soviet Union and ease tensions with the
  United States.
• Berlin Wall fell in 1989.
• Communist governments fell across Eastern Europe,
  and replaced by democracies.
• Yugoslavia fell apart, and some of its ethnic
  groups went to war with each other.

43
George H. W. Bush 1989-1993

• 1989. US invaded Panama to overthrow military
  dictator Manuel Noriega.
• 1990 Iraq under Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait.
• 1991 Operation Desert Storm. US and its allies
  freed Kuwait from Iraqi control.

44
Bill Clinton 1993-2001

• North American Free Trade Agreement.
• 1993 Failed intervention and withdrawal in
  Somalia
• Military Intervention in wars in Bosnia (1995)
  and Kosovo (1999)
• 1994 Invasion of Haiti to restore Aristide

45
George W Bush 2001-2009

• Election decided by the Supreme Court after
  disputed election in Florida
• September 11, 2001 Islamic suicide hijackers
  crashed planes into the World Trade Center and
  the Pentagon
• War on terror began. Invasion of Afghanistan
  (2001) and overthrow of the Taliban.
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq and overthrow of Saddam
  Hussein.

46

• New Deal (response to the Great Depression)
  relief for farmers, regulation of banks, public
  works, social security.
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
  ended segregation of public schools.
• Civil rights movement (1950s-1960s). Led by Rev.
  Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Act
  (1964) prohibited racial discrimination in
  housing, employment, and public accommodations.
• Use of oil led to dependence on imports, which
  left US vulnerable to shortages and price
  increases. Also contributed to pollution

47

• 19th century immigrants served as a labor force
  for the Industrial Revolution.
• Before about 1880, most immigrants were from the
  British Isles, Scandinavia, Germany, and the
  Netherlands.
• After, most came from Southern and Eastern
  Europe.
• Large numbers of Chinese went to the Pacific
  coast states, especially to work on the railroads.

48

• Hispanics, mostly from Mexico, came in the first
  half of the 1900s to work in California and the
  Southwest, mostly in agriculture, and many
  seasonally.
• Problem of illegal immigration Millions have
  come from Latin America to work without
  permission to work or reside in the United States.

49
African-Americans

• After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery,
  African-Americans still suffered from
  discrimination and inequality.
• Booker T. Washington advocated self-improvement
  and vocational education. Founded the Tuskegee
  Institute
• W.E.B. DuBois advocated continuous protests
  against injustice. Founded the NAACP

50

• Major Native American tribes in Florida 1)
  Calusa and Tequesta (South) 2) Ais (Central) 3)
  Timucuans (North Central and Northeast) 4)
  Apalachee (Northwest)
• Juan Ponce de Leon landed in northeastern Florida
  on Easter Sunday 1513 and named it after Pascua
  Florida (Spanish for Easter). Spain would rule
  Florida for the next 250 years.

51

• Spain sponsored several failed attempts at
  colonizing Florida Juan Ponce de Leon in 1521,
  Panfilo de Narvaez in 1527, Hernando de Soto in
  1539, Tristan de Luna in 1559 in Pensacola. They
  were looking unsuccessfully for treasure.
• French Protestants established Fort Caroline in
  1562, which led Spain to establish a permanent
  settlement nearby.
• Pedro Menendez de Aviles established Saint
  Augustine in 1565, which became the first
  permanent European settlement in the United
  States.
• Most of the French were killed. Spanish fort in
  St. Augustine is the Castillo de San Marcos.

52
Colonial Florida

• Spanish established Catholic missions and forts
  in Florida.
• In the 1700s, English colonists in South Carolina
  and Georgia were hostile to Spain and attacked
  Florida several times. Most of the missions were
  burned.
• Creek Indians moved into Florida at this time,
  and were known as Seminoles.
• British obtained Florida in 1763 in the Treaty of
  Paris, in exchange for Havana.

53
Colonial Florida

• British split Florida into two colonies. East
  (Saint Augustine) and West (Pensacola).
• Spain was an ally of the American
  revolutionaries, and invaded and captured
  Pensacola in 1781. Spain regained Florida in 1783
  in the peace treaty.
• Spain would again rule Florida until 1821.
• Andrew Jackson led an army into Florida in 1818
  in an expedition against Seminoles. Spanish
  Florida was also a haven for escaped slaves.

54
Territorial Florida

• US military pressure led to the Adams-Onis Treaty
  of 1819, where Spain agreed to cede Florida to
  the United States, which occurred in 1821. Andrew
  Jackson established the territorial government as
  Floridas military governor.
• Settlers came to Florida from the southern states
  to establish plantations. Tallahassee became the
  capital because it was midway between Pensacola
  and St. Augustine.

55
Seminole Wars and statehood

• Whites desired Indian lands, and resented the
  Seminoles for giving sanctuary to fugitive
  slaves.
• Jackson wanted to remove them to the West. This
  led to the Seminole wars. Many Seminoles were
  able to seek refuge in the Everglades.
• Florida became a state on March 3, 1845. William
  D. Moseley became its first governor.

56
Civil War

• Most white Floridians supported slavery and
  opposed the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.
  As a result of his victory, Florida seceded from
  the Union on January 10, 1861.
• No decisive Civil War battles were fought in
  Florida. Many ports were in Union hands, but the
  interior remained Confederate.
• Florida supplied the South with agricultural
  supplies. Tallahassee was the only Confederate
  capital east of the Mississippi which remained in
  Confederate hands until the end of the war.

57

• Reconstruction. Republicans held office in
  Florida, and blacks were able to vote.
• The Republican state government ensured that
  Rutherford Hayes won Florida in the election of
  1876.
• Reconstruction then ended, and white Democrats
  reestablished control of the state government
• Economic development cattle ranches, phosphate
  mining, paper mills, lumber, cigar manufacturing,
  citrus farming, railroad building (under Henry
  Plant and Henry Flagler)

58

• With steamships and railroads, tourism began in
  the 1870s as northerners came to Florida for its
  warm climate.
• The state offered land cheaply to those building
  railroads.
• Railroad builders like Flagler built lavish
  hotels near their railroad lines.
• Tampa served as the primary staging area for the
  U.S. intervention in Cuba during the
  Spanish-American War in 1898.

59

• Early 20th century. With the automobile, Florida
  was even more accessible to tourists. In South
  Florida, land was developed and swamps were
  drained.
• Many military bases were built in Florida during
  World War II, and many soldiers came to train.
  Many veterans later settled in Florida after the
  war.
• In the 1950s, Cape Canaveral became the center of
  US space exploration. Satellites and manned space
  missions launch from the Kennedy Space Center.
• 1960s to the present Major immigration to
  Florida, especially from Cuba and Haiti.
• Tremendous urban and suburban growth, especially
  after the construction of Walt Disney World in
  the 1970s.