The protestant revolt

1
The protestant revolt

• Randomly Assigned Group Quiz at end of class

2
Contributing factors to Luthers rejection of
Catholicism

• Martin Luther
• Born in 1483
• 2nd of 8 children
• Father was somewhat upwardly mobile and very
  strict
• Father wanted Martin to study Law, Martin chose
  the Augustine Friars instead.
• Ordained after only 9 months (uh oh)
• Very adept academically and promoted to professor
  after only 1 ½ years.
• Displayed a tendency to scrupulocity

3
Situation in the Church

• Indulgences Luthers main issue.
• Have always been accepted, but they were being
  abused by some in the hierarchy.
• Priests collected benefits for personal gain,
  failed to keep promises of celibacy, allowed
  superstitions to reign
• In an effort to start a debate, Luther posted 95
  theses to the door of his Church in 1517.
• In and of itself this was not heretical but a
  common practice of the time.
• It seemed the issue would resolve itself.

4
From Debate to Heresy

• The Church, through Archbishop of Mainz, objected
  to Luthers theses on the basis of questioning
  infallibility.
• Luther was asked to recant and he refused on the
  basis of the lack of virtue in the practice of
  indulgences.
• Rome became very stern and ordered Luther to
  report to Rome to explain himself. Luther took
  offense.
• The Duke of Saxony intervened to keep Luther from
  Rome and set up a debate in Augsburg.
• The debater (Cajetan) took on a strict fatherly
  tone with Luther that went over like a pile of
  bricks.

5
From Debate to Heresy II

• Luther refused to recant his position but still
  showed a reluctance to break with Rome.
• Luther was invited to another debate in 1519 (two
  years after the theses had been posted).
• This was a debate with many of the foremost
  theologians of the day.
• Luther was asked to explain his positions in
  great detail and probably felt backed into a
  corner where he either had to recant what he had
  written or accept more radical positions than he
  had to date.
• Dismiss papal authority
• Dismiss papal councils
• Dismiss parts of the book of St. James
• By the end of the debate lines were drawn between
  the position of the Church and the heresy of
  Luther.
• Germany was divided.
• Luther given two months to recant or be
  excommunicated.

6
Development of Luthers theology

• Luther burned the Papal Bull
• Said it was symbolic because the Pope was the one
  who should have been burned
• Luther was summoned before the emperor and told
  to recant. He refused and was given 24 hours
  safe passage to leave the empire. (settled in at
  Wartburg Castle under the Duke of Saxony).
• Luther translated the Bible into Germany and
  wrote three famous works
• Address to the Christian noblemen of the German
  Church
• On the Babylonian captivity of the Church.
• On the Freedom of a Christian.

7
How Luther Differed with the Catholic Faith

• Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, Solo
  Christo.
• Scripture alone, Faith alone, Grace alone, Christ
  alone.
• Found fault with the Scriptures.
• Though he continued to accept Baptism and
  Eucharist, which are specifically instituted in
  Scripture.
• Eucharist was both the substance of the bread and
  wine and of Christ, which is different from
  transubstantiation.
• The reformation quickly went beyond what even
  Luther accepted in Germany.

8
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9
Quiz

• Martin Luther posted the ______-Theses to door of
  the Church at Wittenberg
• 85 b) 90 c) 95 d) 100
• Which two sacraments did Martin Luther feel
  should be retained?
• What was the most important (or compelling) abuse
  of the Church hierarchy in Martin Luthers
  opinion?