State Building and the

1
Chapter 15

• State Building and the
• Search for Order in the
• Seventeenth Century

2
Timeline
3
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions

• Economic Contraction
• Population Changes
• The Witchcraft Craze
• Witchcraft before the sixteenth and seventeenth
  century
• Increased prosecutions and executions
• Accusations against witches
• Reasons for witchcraft prosecutions
• Religious uncertainty
• Social conditions
• Women as primary victims
• Begins to subside by mid-seventeenth century

4
The Thirty Years War (1618 1648)

• Background
• Religious conflict
• Dynastic-nationalist considerations
• Tensions in the Holy Roman Empire
• The Bohemian Phase (1618 1625)
• The Danish Phase (1625 1629)
• The Swedish Phase (1630 1635)
• The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 1648)
• Outcomes
• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• Social and economic effects

5
Map 15.1 The Thirty Years War
6
A Military Revolution?

• War and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Europe
• New Tactics
• New Technologies
• The Cost of a Modern Military

7
Rebellions

• Peasant Revolts (1590 1640)
• France, Austria, Hungary, Portugal and Catalonia
• Russia (1641, 1645 and 1648)
• Switzerland (1656)
• Noble Revolts in France (1648 1652)

8
Absolute Monarchy in France

• Foundations of French Absolutism
• Cardinal Richelieu (1624 1642)
• Policies and goals
• Administrative reforms
• Cardinal Mazarin (1642 1661)
• The Fronde Noble Revolt

9
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643 1715)

• Administration of the Government
• Domination and bribery
• Religious Policy
• Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)
• Financial Issues
• Jean Baptist Colbert (1619 1683)
• Daily Life at Versailles
• Purposes of Versailles
• Court life and etiquette
• The Wars of Louis XIV
• Professional army 100,000 men in peacetime
  400,000 in wartime
• Four wars between 1667 1713
• Invasion of Spanish Netherlands (1667)
• Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, occupation of
  Strasbourg (1679)
• War of the League of Augsburg (1689 1697)
• War of the Spanish Succession (1702 1713)

10
Map 15.2 The Wars of Louis XIV
11
The Decline of Spain

• Bankruptcies in 1596 and in 1607
• Philip III (1598 1621)
• Philip IV (1621 1665)
• Gaspar de Guzman and attempts at reform
• The Thirty Years War
• Expensive military campaigns
• Civil War
• The Netherlands lost

12
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe

• The German States
• The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia
• The Hohenzollern Dynasty
• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640 1688)
• Army
• General War Commissariat to levy taxes
• Frederick III (1688 1713)
• King of Prussia (1701)

13
Map 15.4 The Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia
14
The Emergence of Austria

• Habsburgs
• Leopold I (1658 1705)
• Expands eastward
• Conflicts with the Turks
• Siege of Vienna (1683)
• Multinational Empire

15
Italy From Spanish to Austrian Rule

• Defeat of the French in Italy by Charles V (1530)
• Spanish Presence (1559 1713)
• Consequences of the War of the Spanish Succession

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Russia From Fledgling Principality to Major Power

• Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 1584)
• First Tsar
• Romanov Dynasty (1613 1917)
• Stratified Society
• Tsar
• Landed aristocrats
• Peasants and townspeople

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The Reign of Peter the Great (1689 1725)

• Visits the West (1697 1698)
• Reorganizes armed forces
• Reorganizes central government
• Divides Russia into provinces
• Seeks control of the Russian Church
• Introduces Western Customs
• Book of Etiquettes

• Positive Impact of Reforms on Women
• Open a window to the West
• Attacks Sweden
• Battle of Narva (1700)
• Great Northern War (1701 1721)
• Battle of Poltava (1709)
• Peace of Nystadt (1721)
• Russia gains control of Estonia, Livonia and
  Karelia
• St. Petersburg

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The Winter Palace St. Petersburg, Russia
19
Map 15.5 Russia From Principality to
Nation-State
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The Great Northern States

• Denmark
• Military losses
• Bloodless revolution of 1660
• Sweden
• Gustavus Adolphus (1611 1632)
• Christina (1633 1654)
• Charles XI (1697 1718)

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The Ottoman Empire and the Limits of Absolutism

• The Ottoman Empire
• Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 1566)
• Attacks against Europe
• Advances in the Mediterranean
• Ottomans viewed as a European Power
• New Offensives in the second half of the 17th
  century
• The Limits of Absolutism
• Power of rulers not absolute
• Local institutions still had power
• Power of the aristocracy

22
Map 15.6 The Ottoman Empire
23
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic

• The United Provinces
• Internal Dissension
• The House of Orange and the Stadholders
• The States General opposes the House of Orange
• William III (1672 1702)
• Trade damaged by wars
• Life in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam
• Reasons for prosperity

24
England and the Emergence of Constitutional
Monarchy

• James I (1603 1625) and the House of Stuart
• Divine Right of Kings
• Parliament and the power of the purse
• Religious policies
• The Puritans
• Charles I (1625 1649)
• Petition of Right
• Personal Rule (1629 1640) Parliament does
  not meet
• Religious policy angers Puritans

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Civil War (1642 1648)

• Oliver Cromwell
• New Model Army
• Charles I executed (January 30, 1649)
• Parliament abolishes the monarchy
• Cromwell dissolves Parliament (April 1653)
• Cromwell divides country into 11 regions
• Cromwell dies (1658)

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Restoration a Glorious Revolution

• Charles II (1660 1685)
• Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
• Test Act (1673) Only Anglicans could hold
  military and civil offices
• James II (1685 1688)
• Devout Catholic
• Declaration of Indulgence (1687)
• Protestant daughters Mary and Anne
• Catholic son born in 1688
• Parliament invites Mary and her husband, William
  of Orange, to invade England
• James II, wife and son flee to France
• Mary and William of Orange offered throne (1689)
• Bill of Rights
• The Toleration Act of 1689

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Responses to the Revolution

• Thomas Hobbes (1588 1679)
• Leviathan (1651)
• People form a commonwealth
• People have no right to rebel
• John Locke (1632 1704)
• Two Treatises of Government
• Inalienable Rights Life, Liberty and Property
• People and sovereign form a government
• If government does not fulfill its duties, people
  have the right to revolt

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The Flourishing of European Culture

• The Changing Faces of Art
• Mannerism and Baroque
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598 1680)
• Throne of Saint Peter
• Artemisia Gentileschi (1593 1653)
• Judith Beheading Holofernes
• French Classicism and Dutch Realism
• French classicism emphasized clarity, simplicity,
  balance and harmony of design
• Dutch Realism realistic portrayals of secular,
  everyday life
• Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 1699)

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The Baroque Trevi Fountain in Rome
30
A Wondrous Age of Theater

• Golden Age of Elizabethan Literature (1580
  1640)
• William Shakespeare (1564 1614)
• The Globe Theater
• Lord Chamberlains Company
• Spanish Theater
• Lope de Vega (1562 1635)
• Wrote 1500 plays about 1/3 survive
• French Theater (1630s to 1680s)
• Jean Baptiste Molière (1622 1673)
• The Misanthrope
• Tartuffe

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Discussion Questions

• Why were so many women targeted during the
  witchcraft craze?
• How did the Thirty Years War affect the
  different participants?
• Was French absolutism truly absolute? Why or why
  not?
• What purposes did Versailles serve?
• How did Western ideas influence the reign of
  Peter the Great in Russia?
• What gains did Parliament make at the expense of
  the monarchy during the course of the seventeenth
  century?
• How did English political thinkers react to the
  the English revolutions?
• How did the art and plays that emerged after the
  Renaissance reflect the societies of their day?

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Web Links

• The Museum of Witchcraft
• Chateau Versailles
• The Thirty Years War Homepage
• The State Hermitage Museum St. Petersburg,
  Russia
• Thomas Hobbes
• Renaissance and Baroque Architecture
• Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet
• National Drama Spain to 1700