Eastern Europe

1
Eastern Europe
2
The Isolation of Russia
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Compared to Western Europe

• Backward (blend of cultures)
• Less politically developed
• Not influenced by Renaissance and Scientific
  Revolution
• No exploration (no sea routes)
• No trade (No Crusade)
• Serfdom continues
• 30 Years War (holds E. Europe back)

4
Early Russian Society

• 1480 Ivan III frees Russia from the Mongol Yoke
• Became the first czar
• Claimed descent from Caesar
• Society dominated by landowning nobility
  (boyars), serfs tied to land
• Serfdom lasted until mid 1800s (ended in
  1300/1400s in Western Europe

5
Effects of Mongol Culture

• Asian culture
• Mongols took money (tribute)
• Princes controlled land and collected money
• Mongols used strength of military/force

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Peter I- 1682

• Romanov family- began 1613
• Dont know much of W. Europe
• Middle Age leadership- Constantinople not Rome
• Mongols cut Russia off from W. Europe during
  Renaissance

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Legitimacy

• Tie back to Romans and Byzantium
• 2 headed eagle
• Absolute monarch Caesar
• Religion of Byzantium
• Break from Catholicism
• Leads to religious conflict with W. Europe
• Art icons

8
Further Isolation

• Geographically cut-off
• Ural Mountains cut off from East
• Only seaport- Archangel (frozen)
• Religion widens gap West
• Eastern/Russian Orthodox v. Catholic/ Protestant
• Only Germans traveled to Russia

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Ivan the Terrible
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St. Basils
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Rule of Peter the Great
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Peter the Great
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Peter the Great

• 1682 (full power 1696)
• Interested in foreign things, ships, seas
• Saw need for warm water port
• Necessary for competition with modern powers
• Came to power w/ help of streltsy (Moscow guards)

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Desire to Modernize

• 1698 Traveled to W. Europe to learn customs
• 1st czar to travel to W. Europe (heretics)
• Incognito (wanted real look)
• Worked in shipyard in Netherlands
• Later traveled to England
• Toured in London

15
Peters Changes Make Russian more W. European

• Status of Women
• Until 1700 followed Byzantine custom- women stay
  at home
• Noblewoman invited to social gatherings (without
  veils)
• No arranged marriages (unless children consented)
• No beards for men (look European)

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Peters Changes Make Russian more W. European

• Russian Calendar
• Year starts on Jan. 1 not Sept. 1
• Year based on birth of Jesus
• 7208 became 1700
• Newspapers
• 1st newspaper reported on non-Russian events
• Western ideas develop
• Reading taught

17
Peters Changes Make Russian more W. European

• Agriculture
• Staple crop potato
• Factories and Mines-
• Exports encourage
• Imports discouraged
• Factories subsidized (centralized workshops)
• Iron industry developed

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Absolute Rule

• Peter increased power
• People become discontented (forced changes)
• Holy Synod (priests) with Peter as head- replaced
  Patriarch
• Similar to Church of England
• Boyars lose power (new social status)
• Land and positions given to lower-ranking
  (ensured loyalty)

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Russian Military

• European officers hired to modernize
• Army Prussia, Navy -Britain
• Only had part-time cavalry
• Army of 200,000 paid for by taxes
• Army used to crush peasant revolt and gain warm
  water port
• Lead to need for warships

20
Russian Military

• Close Russia to possible European invasion
• Great Northern War- v. Swedes who invade Ukraine
  (defeated by winter)
• Russia gains land on Baltic Sea

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A New Capital

• 1712 St. Petersburg made capital
• Built on swamp
• Land gained from Sweden
• Located on Neva River, near coast

22
HRE,Ottoman Empire,Poland
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Holy Roman Empire

• Voltaire it was not Holy, it was not Roman, and
  it certainly was not an Empire
• Some states had grown because of trade
• States had different religions
• 30Years War causes break-up
• 300 states who guarded rights like independent
  states

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Holy Roman Empire

• Power vacuum in Central Europe (old and weakening
  empires)
• Filled by German speaking families- Hapsburgs and
  Hohenzollern
• Threat to the balance of power in Eastern Europe
• Major problem political structure

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Ottoman Empire

• Muslim (stand against the Christians)
• Led to future problems (Kosovo, Chechnya)
• Sultan had power to tax and raise army
• Sulieman the Magnificent- conquered Hungary,
  threatened Austria
• Govt. in Istanbul was corrupted, poorly equipped
  army

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Poland

• Large land, mostly farmers
• Feudal system (nobility v. serfs) no middle class
• E. Europe held back by lack of middle class
• Major problem political structure
• States want to remain autonomous

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Poland

• King appointed by nobles- given little power
• Usually foreigner
• Little income, no courts, no standing army
• Sejm (Diet)- only nobles
• Liberum veto- opposition of ONE member body
  disbands
• no effective govt.

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Describe Austriaand Prussia
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Austria

• Most powerful empire in HRE (even though it lost
  the 30 Years War)
• Ruling family Hapsburgs (also in Spain)

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Charles VI (1713)

• Won land in War of the Spanish Succession
• Large empire, hard to rule
• Dukedom of Austria
• Kingdom of Bohemia
• Kingdom of Hungary
• Land in Germany, Italy
• Diverse lands Diverse people
• Common ruler kept people together

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Charles VI (1713)

• Wanted to ensure his empire would not be split
• Pragmatic Sanction- only heir (Maria Theresa)
  would be heir to all Hapsburg land
• Maria Theresa- Reign plagued by war
• Enemy Hohenzollerns of Prussia
• Austria had no natural boundaries or ethnicities

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Prussia

• Hohenzollerns ruled
• Formed from small states
• Brandenburg was the most important state
• Ruling prince 1 of 7 electors of HRE

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Frederick William 1640

• The Great Elector- overrun in 30 Years War
• Brandenburg needed army
• Alliances made with French, Swedes, Dutch, Poles
• Lent army to countries for money
• Prussia was not a country with an army but an
  army with a country

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Prussias Army Grows

• Frederick I (son)
• 1st Hohenzollern to call himself king
• 1713 Treaty of Utrecht- duchy recognized as
  kingdom
• All Hohenzollerns lands called Prussia

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Prussias Army Grows

• Frederick William I (son of Fred I)
• Money spent only on army
• Army doubled in size
• Junkers (land-owning nobility) officers
• Military society developed

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Prussias Army Grows

• Frederick II/the Great
• Did not want to be king- tried to escape to
  France
• Had non military interests
• Followed fathers policies
• Upset at Pragmatic Sanction
• Invaded Austria (iron rich)- believed Maria
  Theresa would not protect land

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War of the Austrian Succession

• Austria also invaded by France, Spain, Bavaria
  (Germany)
• Reaction- Maria goes to Hungarian lands
• Wins over nobles (did not like Hapsburg rule)
• Britain joins war to help Austria against her
  rival France
• Russia and Netherlands offer help
• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle- Austria only loses
  Silesia (iron) to Prussia

38
Alliances in Europe Shift

• Austrias enemy Prussia not France
• Work to form alliance with France
• Britain, in response, forms alliances with
  Prussia
• Russia will join
• Strongest armies, navies in Europe

39
Alliances in Europe Shift

• Frederick II attacks Austria- Seven Years War
• All alliances get involved
• New World- French and Indian War between France
  and Britain
• Peace of Paris (1763)
• France lost land in Canada and India

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Religious Wars Influence Eastern Europe
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Response to Protests

• Pope uses religious measures
• HRE Charles V uses military measures
• Turns on Protestant German princes
• Protestant German Princes- form Schmalkaldic
  League as defensive group
• Had taken land from Church
• Charles had no help from Catholic princes

42
Response to Protests

• 1530 Charles V orders all princes to imperial
  Diet in Augsburg
• People must revert back to Catholicism
• Church will get land back
• 1552 Augsburg Confession- (German princes) he he
  owns lands determines religion
• Lutheranism, Catholicism
• Calvinism other forms of Prot. outlawed

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Response to Protests

• Charles was not happy with peace
• Wanted unity, not division
• Attached to Middle Age ideas (feudalism,
  chivalry, Church)
• Crown given up to Philip II and Ferdinand

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Peasant Revolts

• Peasant revolts follow Luthers changes
• Desire to take away power of Pope
• Render to unto Caesar what is Caesars- Luther
  did not support the revolt

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Effects of the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
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Cause

• Protestant mobs riot in Prague, Bohemia
• Anger because King Ferdinand II was a
  German-speaking, Austrian Catholic (HAPSBURG)
• 1619 Ferdinand II became HRE
• Austrian national hatred
• Catholic threat to religious freedom
• Hapsburg threat to Bourbon kings (France)
• Reaction- army puts down riot, German princes
  challenge HRE

47
WarBohemian Period 1618-1625

• Ferdinand ends tolerance of Lutherans
• Defenestration of Prague- ministers who come with
  news are thrown out window (50 ft.) and live
• Frederick V leads Calvinists
• Ferdinand uses Spanish troops
• Some Lutheran support for Ferdinand
• Desire to gain land
• Bohemia becomes Catholic

48
WarDanish Period (1625-1629)

• Lutheran King Christian IV of Denmark fights
  Ferdinand
• Support from English, French, Dutch- fear of
  strong Austria
• Albrecht of Wallenstein leads Fredericks army-
  desire for land
• Edict of Restitution- Calvinism outlawed, church
  lands returned (resistance reignited)

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WarSwedish Period (1630-1635)

• Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden leads Protestants
• Help from Richelieu
• Battle of Breitenfeld Ferdinand retreats, tide
  of war turned
• Mobile, small army
• Battle of Lutzen- Adolphus dies at hands of
  Wallenstein

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WarSwedish Period (1630-1635)

• Ferdinand had Wallenstein assassinated
• Greed political gain more important than
  religion
• Peace of Prague (1635)- German Protestant states
  make truce
• Swedes (French and Dutch support) do not join

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WarSwedish-French Period(1635-1648)

• Most devastating period
• 1635- French openly enter war
• French, Spanish, Swedes loot and war with German
• 1644- 1/3 of German population died
• 20 million had died
• Trade, agriculture ruined
• Economy ruined

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Treaty of Westphalia 1648

• Ferdinand IIs son
• Peace favored Swedes, French, Protestant enemies
• France takes Alsace
• German princes almost independent of HRE
• Calvinism gained equal status
• Dutch Republic becomes independent state
• Sweden gains German land

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Long-term Consequences

• German unity lost
• HRE no longer holding 300 states together
• Hapsburgs of Austria and Spain lose power
• France becomes Europes strongest state