The Unifications of Italy and Germany

1
The Unifications of Italy and Germany
2

• Consider the following questions.
• How far would you go to achieve independence for
  your country?
• Would you be willing to die for the sake of your
  country?
• Willing to kill?
• Would you fight back? Or would you strike first...

3
Why Did Italy Unite

• The Spread of Nationalism
• Revolutions of 1848 Liberalism and Nationalism
  Split
• Defeat of Russia in Crimean War
• Isolation of Austria
• Re-emergence of France under Napoleon III

4
Italian Unification

• Sought unification since Congress of Vienna
• Romantic Republicans lead
  insurrections -
• Giuseppe Mazzini
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
• Wanted path of self-determination away from
  Austria

5
Plans for Italian Unification

• Plan 1 - unite behind Pope (1848/9) - Austria
  and France defeat the Roman Republic
• Plan 2 - unite behind only independent state,
  Piedmont (Sardinia) - made independent by
  Congress of Europe as a buffer between France and
  Austria
• Piedmont Prime Minister aids France in Crimean
  War with 10,000 troops - thrusts Piedmont onto
  world stage

6
Nationalist in Italy

• Italians were inspired by the French Revolution.
• Congress of Vienna kept Italy separated.
• Austria controlled portions of northern Italy.
• Other independent states kept unification hard to
  do.
• A group of Italian tried to keep it alive.
• This group was called the Risorgimento
  resurgence.
• Secret society.

7
Giuseppe Mazzini

• Formed the Young Italy movement.
• Forced Austrian out of Lombardy and Venetia.
• Seized control of Rome
• A republic was formed by Mazzini and two other
  leaders.
• His victories were not long lived.
• Austria gain control of northern states.
• Only Sardinia remained independent.

8
Italy Becomes a Nation-State

• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
• Revolutionary democrat
• Republican

9
Sardinia

• Was ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II.
• Chief Minister was Camillo Benso di Cavour.
• Was more powerful than King.
• Wanted to expand Sardinian territory.
• Wanted to lead in uniting Italy.
• He strengthened the military and Industry.
• Allied with France and England.

10
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-1861)

• Sardinian nobleman
• Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont
• King Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1861)

11
Camillo Cavour

• Cavour Napoleon III scheme to provoke war to
  drive Austria out of Italy
• France gets provinces of Nice Savoy for help
• Piedmont/France drives Austria - Napoleon III
  fears Piedmont - signs own treaty with Austria

12
Sardinia and France

• Austria was the greatest barrier to Italian
  unity.
• French Emperor Napoleon III wanted to increase
  French influence in Italy.
• Cavour hoped that with Austria out, Italian
  states would join with him.

13
Napoleon III, Emperor of France (1808-1873 r.
1848-1870)

• Nephew of Napoleon
• Re-emerging French Empire
• Sounded democratic
• Believed in personal rule and a centralized state
• Made a deal with Cavour
• France promised Nice and Savoy (from Piedmont)
• Sardinia promised Lombardy and Venetia (from
  Austria)

14
War with Austria

• Sardinia provoked Austria to war and France sent
  troops to help.
• Austria was quickly defeated in Italy.
• States of Lombardy, Venetia, Tuscany, Modena, and
  Parma join Sardinia.
• French signs treaty with Austria.
• Austria gets Ventia back. France gets Nice and
  Savoy. Sardinia gets Lombardy.

15
Unifying the South

• Southern half of Italy was made up of the Kingdom
  of the Two Sicilies.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi was leader of nationalistic
  movement.
• Formed and army of 1,000 men and captured Sicily
  and Naples.
• Marched to Papal States.
• Cavour thought that Garibaldi was becoming to
  popular and set up his own republic.
• Garibaldi stepped aside for Sardinia.

16
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)

• Republican
• Revolutionary
• Military leader
• guerilla fighter

17
The New Italian State

• Garibaldi unites southern Italy - Sicily and
  Naples
• Northern Italy united with Piedmont
• Garibaldi accepts total unification
• Venetia and Rome added by 1870

18
Italy

• Gain Venetia in deal with Prussians in war with
  Austria
• Gain area around Rome after French lose
  Franco-Prussian War - city of Rome remains
  hostile
• Form of government monarchy - Victor Emmanuel
  from Piedmont

19
Problems of Unification

• Papal states were added to Italy by 1870 and
  Austria was ran out of Italy in 1866.
• Few Italians had experienced self-government.
• There were cultural differences between the south
  and north.
• North was more industrial and south agricultural.

20
Maps
21
German Unification

• Unification attempted by liberals since 1815
• Prussia becomes dominant in German affairs
• Prussian King Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von
  Bismarck embrace Small German policy

22
Otto von Bismarck

• Prussian nobleman
• Liberal turned conservative
• Pro-industrial
• Pro-military
• Anti-Parliament - seeks to unite Germans without
  legislature

23
Unification of Germany, 1864-1871

• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
• Junker
• Brilliant diplomat
• Blood and iron
• Not revolution
• 1862 became Minister-President

24
(No Transcript)
25
Bringing Germany Together

• Beats Danes who try to take Holstein and
  Schleswig out of German Confederation
• Beats Austrians
  in 7 weeks to
  gain dominance
  over
  German
  speaking people

26
The North German Confederation

• Bismarck annexes Hesse, Nassau, Hanover
  (formerly supported Austria) in new group
• King of Prussia as leader
• Bicameral legislature with no real power
• Bismarck steals thunder of some liberals who
  wanted unification
• Bismarck seeks a war to bring southern German
  states into the Confederation

27
The Franco-Prussian War

• Queen Isabella of Spain deposed
• Spanish pick a Hohenzollern, Leopold (cousin to
  Wilhelm)
• France objects, asks Wilhelm for support
• Bismarck revises The Ems Telegram to look like
  Wilhelm insulted France
• France declares war on the Northern Confederation

28
The Franco-Prussian War

• Southern German states side with Bismarck
• Germans capture Napoleon III
• Defeat French in 9 months - forced to give up
  provinces of Alsace and Lorraine
• German Empire proclaimed - most important event
  in Europe in the 19th century
• Italy and Germany become new rivals to France and
  Austria

29
The German Confederation 1815
30
Unification of Germany (cont.)

• William I, King of Prussia (r. 1861-1888)
• Schleswig-Holstein (1864)
• Austro-Prussian war of 1866
• The Seven Weeks War

31
Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71

• Leopold von Hohenzollern
• Paris Commune
• January 18, 1871 Second German Empire (Reich)
  declared in the Palace of Versailles, Hall of
  Mirrors