FROM PAST TO PRESENT

1
EVOLUTION OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

• FROM PAST TO PRESENT

2
PREHISTORIC TIMES (8000 BC 3000 BC)

• Main focus predators
• Disease did not spread quickly
• Medicine rooted in religious or spiritual beliefs
• Herbs and plants used as medicines
• Digitalis, Quinine, Belladonna, Atropine, Morphine

3
ANCIENT TIMES (3000 BC 500 AD)

• Belief that disease and illness caused by demons
  and evil spirits, punishment from the gods
• Treatment was directed toward eliminating the
  evil spirit by performing ceremonies
• Religion played an important role
• As civilization developed, changes occurred
  people began studying the body and how it
  functioned

4
ANCIENT EGYPT

• Egyptian medicine considered highly advanced
• First people to keep written health records
• Documented ideas such a washing and shaving a
  body before surgery
• Used medicines to heal disease and learned the
  art of splinting fractures

5
ANCIENT CHINESE

• Had a strong belief in the need to cure the
  spirit and nourish the entire body
• Holistic medicine- stress treating the entire
  patient, mind, body, soul

6
ANCIENT GREEKS

• Hippocrates- The Father of Medicine
• Developed standard of ethics still used
  todayHippocratic Oath
• Records created by him and other physicians
  helped to establish that disease is caused by
  natural causes, not supernatural spirits and
  demons
• First to stress a good diet and cleanliness to
  prevent disease

7
ANCIENT ROMANS

• Realized that some disease was connected to
  filth, contaminated water, and poor sanitation
• Began the development of sanitary systems
• Built sewers to carry away waste and aqueducts to
  deliver clean water
• Drained swamps and marshes to reduce malaria
• Established the first hospital for injured
  soldiers

8
DARK AGES (MEDIEVAL TIMES 500 AD 800 AD)

• After the fall of the Roman Empire the study of
  medicine stopped
• Individuals lived with little or no personal
  hygiene
• Epidemics of smallpox, typhus, plague were
  rampant
• Monks and priests stressed prayer to treat
  illness and disease

9
MIDDLE AGES (MEDIEVAL TIMES 800 AD 1300 AD)

• Brought a renewed interest in medical practices
  of the Romans and Greeks
• Monks obtained and translated the writings of the
  Greek and Roman physicians
• Outbreaks of smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis,
  tuberculosis
• Average life span of 20-35 years

10
RENAISSANCE ( 1300 AD 1600 AD)

• Medical universities were created
• Often called the Rebirth of the Science of
  Medicine
• Major source of new information about the human
  body was a result of accepting and allowing human
  dissections
• Artists such as Michelangelo and Leonardo da
  Vinci were able to draw the body accurately

11
RENAISSANCE ( 1300 AD 1600 AD)Cont.

• Doctors could now view the body organs and see
  the connections between different systems in the
  body
• In the 1300s(14th century) a major epidemic
• of bubonic plague killed almost 75
• of Europe and Asia
• Life span increased to 30-40 years

12
16TH, 17TH 18TH CENTURIES (Modern Times )

• Physicians gained an increased knowledge of human
  body
• Improvements in surgical procedures (Rhazes)
• Discovery of blood circulation(William Harvey)
• Microscope(Leeuwenhoek), mercury
  thermometer(Fahrenheit), stethoscope(Laennec),
  bifocals(Ben Franklin) were invented

13
16TH, 17TH 18TH CENTURIES (Modern Times ) Cont.

• Drugstores started
• Vaccine to prevent smallpox (Jenner)
• Average life span increased to 40-50 years

14
19TH CENTURY

• Period known as the Industrial Revolution
• Major progress in medical science due to the
  development of machines and access to books
• Discovery of microorganisms that caused disease
  and development of a process to kill bacteria
  found in milk(Pasteur, Koch)
• Formal training for nurses began by Florence
  Nightingale (founder of modern nursing)
• Development of American(Clara Barton) and
  International Red Cross(Jean-Henri Dunant)

15
19TH CENTURY Cont.

• Antiseptics(Lister) and asepsis(Bergmann) to
  prevent infection during surgery
• Discovery of x-rays(Roentgen)
• Use of anesthesia(Davy, Koller)
• Rabies vaccine-1885 (Pasteur)
• Average life span increased to 40-65years

16
20TH CENTURY

• Showed the most rapid growth in health care
• New machines such as Xrays to view the body
• Medicines and antibiotics
• Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA
  and how it carried genetic information
• Health care plans were created to help pay the
  cost of care
• Standards were created so all had equal access to
  quality health care
• Average life span increased to 60-80 years

17
20TH CENTURY

• Discovery of penicillin and benefits(Sir
  Alexander Fleming)
• Discovery of psychology(Freud)
• More vaccines polio (Salk, Sabin)
• Possibility of eliminating disabling disease
  through genetic research
• Ability to transplant organs
• Ability to reattach severed body parts

18
20TH CENTURY Cont.

• Use of computers to aid in diagnosis, accurate
  record keeping and research
• Use of noninvasive techniques for diagnosis
• Advancement in caring for unborn fetus

19
21ST CENTURY

• Potential for major advances is unlimited
• Completion of Human Genome Project
• Embryonic stem cell research
• Cloning
• Bioterrorism
• Pandemics