Cloning

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Cloning
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• What do you think cloning is?
• When do you think scientists first started
  talking about cloning?
• When do you think they first attempted cloning?

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What is Cloning?

• Cloning is making an identical genetic copy of an
  organism.
• Has occurred for thousands of years in plants.
• Identical twins are natural clones
• Cloning has more recently been attempted in
  animals gaining attention.

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Types of Cloning

• Reproductive cloning making an organism with
  the same nuclear DNA. Sometimes called nuclear
  transfer.
• Therapeutic cloning/embryo cloning - Using human
  embryos for research stem cells
• DNA cloning recombinant DNA adding genes to
  other organisms.

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Cloning Timeline

• 1938-German scientist suggested that animals can
  be cloned by fusing an embryo with an egg cell
• 1952 first attempt at cloning
• FAILED
• 1970 Cloning attempted with frogs grew to
  tadpoles before dying no one could repeat the
  experiment with success.

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Cloning Timeline

• 1981 reported that two mice had been cloned
  from embryo cells
• 1982 was determined that the mice cloning was a
  fraud
• 1984 cloned sheep, cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits
  and monkeys from embryo cells
• 1997 successfully cloned a sheep, Dolly, from
  an adult cell called a nuclear transfer.

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Cloning Timeline

• 1997-present continue cloning of many different
  animals including sheep, pigs, goats, mice, cows,
  cats, dogs, rabbits and a guar.
• 2000 cloning of a baby bull from a cloned bull
  (re-cloning) is successful

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Cloning Timeline

• 2004 South Korean researchers reported they
  created 30 human embryos through cloning and
  produced stem cells from each.
• 2005 Successful cloning of a dog.
• 2005 South Korean research is found to be
  fraudulent

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Steps of Cloning Nuclear Transfer
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Click and clone.

• http//learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/clonin
  g/clickandclone/

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Reasons for cloning

• Recreate extinct animals
• Preserve endangered animals
• Reproduce animals prized for certain traits
  example disease resistance
• Create animals that produce human medication

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Reasons for cloning

• Create animal models of disease for studying
  transmission, treatment, and prevention
• Obtain organs for transplanting
• Reproduction (not able to have children, children
  died)
• Recreating a deceased pet

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Problems with cloning

• Success rate of cloning is only 2-4
• Clones 3x more likely to die
• Underdeveloped lungs
• Larger than normal enlarged organs

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Problems with cloning

• Susceptible to infections
• Lack of genetic diversity to overcome simple
  environmental problems.
• In primates, spindles do not form correctly
  problems with cell division

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Most scientists say..

• Think of cloning as being one
• type of tool that could be used
• in science and technology.
• The tool is not bad or good.
• It is what is done with the tool that becomes bad
  or good.

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Designer Babies

• Gene technology may allow parents to select
  traits they want in their children
• Currently being used to check for males or
  females, presence of some diseases
• First done in 1990
• In the future could be expanded to examine
  embryos for physical and mental traits

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Making a designer baby

• In order to check for traits
• Eggs must be removed from woman
• Eggs fertilized in petri dish with sperm
• Embryos begin division
• One cell removed
• Cells DNA is screened for particular trait or
  sex of child

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Making a designer baby

• Only embryos that have the correct DNA makeup are
  implanted into the woman
• If procedure is successful embryos will grow to
  full-term healthy children
• Current cost is estimated at 10-15 thousand
  dollars.