Unity and Diversity of Living Things

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Unity and Diversity of Living Things

• Survey of Taxonomy and the Three Domains of Life

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SYSTEMATICS

• Systematics - science of naming and grouping
  organisms by their evolutionary relationships
• Binomial nomenclature - assigning scientific
  names
• Each species is assigned a two-part scientific
  name, usually in Latin, written in italics or
  underlined (if handwritten)
• First word (genus name) is capitalized, the
  second word (species name) is not
• Ex polar bear Urus maritimus
• Ex red maple Acer rubrum
• Ex human Homo sapiens

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Fun Species Names

• Aha ha

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Fun Species Names

• Abra cadabra

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Fun Species Names

• Gelae baen, Gelae belae,
• Gelae donut, Gelae fish

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Fun Species Names

• Heerz lukenatcha

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Fun Species Names

• Pieza kake fly

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Fun Species Names

• (Agathidium bushi, A. cheneyi, A. rumsfeldi)

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Fun Species Names

• Agra vation

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Fun Species Names

• Caloplaca obamae

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Fun Species Names

• Agathidium vaderi

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Fun Species Names

• Aptostichus stephencolberti

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Fun Species Names

• Agra katewinsletae

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Fun Species Names

• Sylvilagus palustris hefneri

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Fun Species Names

• Pheidole harrisonfordi

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Fun Species Names

• GoldenPalace.com monkey
• (Callicebus aureipalatii)

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LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION

• Domain (most inclusive)
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species (least inclusive)

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LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION

• Keep
• Pots
• Clean
• Or
• Family
• Gets
• Sick

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Classification of Humans
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Classification Rap

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v6jAGOibTMuU

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DOMAINS OF LIFE

• 3 Domains of Life
• Archaea (prokaryotic)
• Bacteria (prokaryotic)
• Eukarya (eukaryotic)

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PHYLOGENETIC TREE
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DOMAIN BACTERIA

• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
• Ecologically diverse ranging from free-living
  soil organisms to deadly parasites
• Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
• Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic), some are
  killed by oxygen (anaerobic)
• Only one kingdom within this domain Kingdom
  Eubacteria

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DOMAIN ARCHAEA

• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• Cell walls do NOT contain peptidoglycan
• Live in very harsh environments
• Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
• Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic), some are
  killed by oxygen (anaerobic)
• Only one kingdom within this domain Kingdom
  Archaebacteria

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IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES

• 1) Ecological Importance Essential in
  maintaining every aspect of the ecological
  balance of the living world
• Decomposers recycling raw materials to the
  environment, essential to sewage treatment
  production of purified water
• Producers cyanobacteria are among the most
  plentiful photosynthetic organisms in the world
  many food chains are dependent upon them
• Nitrogen Fixers converting nitrogen gas into
  useable forms

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IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES

• 2) Human Uses
• Food yogurt, other dairy products
• Medicine making drugs for medical treatments

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IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES

• 3) Disease some bacteria can cause disease by
  destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals
  that upset homeostasis
• Ex Lyme disease, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Strep
  Throat
• Controlled by sterilization, disinfectants
• Prevented by vaccines

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DOMAIN EUKARYA

• All eukaryotes contain a nucleus other
  membrane-bound organelles
• Four kingdoms
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

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EUKARYA - PROTISTS

• Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
• Photosynthetic or heterotrophic
• Catch-all kingdom group of eukaryotes that
  did not fit into plants, animal, or fungus
  kingdom

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ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS

• Autotrophic Protists photosynthetic protists at
  the base of the food chain makes much of the
  diversity of aquatic life possible
• Ex Algae
• Heterotrophic Protists some heterotrophic
  protists engulf and digest their food, while
  others live by absorbing molecules from the
  environment.
• Ex Paramecium, amoeba
• Symbiotic Protists
• Mutualistic algae help health of coral reefs,
  Trichonympha live in guts of termites, helping
  them to digest cellulose
• Parasitic can cause intestinal disease, African
  Sleeping Sickness, Malaria

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EUKARYA - FUNGI

• Heterotrophic feed on dead or decaying organic
  matter
• Secrete digestive enzymes into their food source,
  then absorb nutrients though their cell walls
• Cell walls made of chitin
• Unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (mushrooms)

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ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

• Decomposers many species of fungi help
  ecosystems maintain homeostasis by breaking down
  dead organisms and recycling essential elements
  and nutrients
• Parasites parasitic fungi can cause serious
  diseases in plants and animals
• Ex smuts and rusts in plants
• Athletes foot ringworm

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ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

• Symbiotic Fungi
• Lichens mutualistic association between a
  fungus and a photosynthetic partner (algae or
  cyanobacteria)
• Are often the first organisms to enter barren
  environments and help in early stages of soil
  formation
• Michorrhizae mutualistic association between a
  fungus and a plant root
• Estimates that 80-90 of all plant species have
  this sort of relationship
• Fungus collects water and minerals, bringing them
  to the root, plant supplies the fungi with the
  products of photosynthesis (sugars)

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EUKARYA - PLANTS

• Multicellular
• Cell walls with cellulose
• Autotrophic
• Have chloroplasts

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EUKARYA - ANIMALS

• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• No cell walls
• Most can move