-General Info.

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LIPIDS
-General Info. -structure of fats -saturated/unsat
urated -saponification and soap -cell
membranes -waxes -steroids
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Lipid Characteristics
-insoluble in water (hydrophobic nature) due to
non-polar groups -burning of fats gives us more
energy/molecule than carbohydrates
(9/4kcal./gr.)but not as good for our bodies. -4
groups 1. fats and waxes 2. complex lipids 3.
steroids 4. prostaglandins and leukotrienes
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Food and CaloriesHow many calories do you need?

• The Easy WayIf all of those calculations seem
  too confusing or tedious, you can roughly
  estimate your daily calorie requirements using
  this simple formula
• For sedentary people Weight x 14 estimated
  cal/day
• For moderately active people Weight x 17
  estimated cal/day
• For active people Weight x 20 estimated
  cal/day
• 3500 calories 1 lb. Fat storage

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• Animal fats are either saturated or unsaturated,
  but most are saturated.
• Unsaturated fats are believed to lower
  cholesterol levels in humans.
• Saturated fats and cholesterol are thought to
  contribute to hardening of the arteries.
• Fats are stored in adipose tissue which has an
  insulating function, a padding (protective)
  function, as well as a storage function.

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• The triglyceride structure of fats and oils. Note
  the glycerol structure on the left and the ester
  structure on the right. Also notice that R1, R2,
  and R3 are long-chained molecules of 12, 14, 16,
  18, 20, 22, or 24 carbons that might be saturated
  or unsaturated.

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Structure of Fats
alcohol part glycerol acid part -almost all
straight-chain carboxylic acids -10-20 carbons in
length -even number of carbons -single/double
bond dictates amount of saturation of fat.
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Fat Structure
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Lipid Structure
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Fat Structure
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Website http//www.cem.msu.edu/reusch/VirtualText
/lipids.htmfats Fat Type
saturated unsaturated State solid room
temp. liquid room temp. examples
mostly animal mostly vegetable Notes
1. pure fats and oils are colorless, odorless,
and tasteless. These properties are due to
substances dissolved in fats. 2. most fat
sources have both sat. and unsat. (see table
from text.)
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of Saturated/Polyunsaturated

• APPROXIMATE AMOUNTS OF SATURATED AND
  POLYUNSATURATED FAT IN DIFFERENT VEGETABLE OILS
• TYPE OF OIL SATURATED FAT POLYUNSATURATED FAT
• (grams per 100 grams of oil)
• Coconut oil 85 2
• Maize oil 16 49
• Olive oil 14 11
• Palm oil 45 8
• Peanut oil 19 29
• Safflower oil 10 72
• Soy bean oil 14 57
• Sunflower oil 13 50

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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

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Food Label Example
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Basic Fat Type Definitions

• Saturated fats These are the biggest dietary
  cause of high LDL levels ("bad cholesterol").
  When looking at a food label, pay very close
  attention to the of saturated fat and avoid or
  limit any foods that are high (for example, over
  20 saturated fat). Saturated fats are found in
  animal products such as butter, cheese, whole
  milk, ice cream, cream, and fatty meats. They are
  also found in some vegetable oils -- coconut,
  palm, and palm kernel oils. (Note most other
  vegetable oils contain unsaturated fat and are
  healthy.)
• Unsaturated fats Fats that help to lower blood
  cholesterol if used in place of saturated fats.
  However, unsaturated fats have a lot of calories,
  so you still need to limit them. There are two
  types mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated. Most
  (but not all!) liquid vegetable oils are
  unsaturated. (The exceptions include coconut,
  palm, and palm kernel oils.)
• Mono-unsaturated fats Fats that help to lower
  blood cholesterol if used in place of saturated
  fats. However, mono-unsaturated fats have a lot
  of calories, so you still need to limit them.
  Examples include olive and canola oils.
• Polyunsaturated fats Fats that help to lower
  blood cholesterol if used in place of saturated
  fats. However, polyunsaturated fats have a lot of
  calories, so you still need to limit them.
  Examples include safflower, sunflower, corn, and
  soybean oils.

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Fat Type Definitions

• Trans fatty acids These fats form when vegetable
  oil hardens (a process called hydrogenation) and
  can raise LDL levels. They can also lower HDL
  levels ("good cholesterol"). Trans-fatty acids
  are found in fried foods, commercial baked goods
  (donuts, cookies, crackers), processed foods, and
  margarines.
• Hydrogenated refers to oils that have become
  hardened (such as hard butter and margarine).
  Foods made with hydrogenated oils should be
  avoided because they contain high levels of trans
  fatty acids, which are linked to heart disease.
  (Look at the ingredients in the food label.) The
  terms "hydrogenated" and "saturated" are related
  an oil becomes saturated when hydrogen is added
  (i.e., becomes hydrogenated).
• Partially hydrogenated Refers to oils that have
  become partially hardened. Foods made with
  partially hydrogenated oils should be avoided
  because they contain high levels of trans fatty
  acids, which are linked to heart disease. (Look
  at the ingredients in the food label.)

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Fat Types
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What are the health effects of trans fats?

• Concerns have been raised for several decades
  that consumption of trans fatty acids might have
  contributed to the 20th century epidemic of
  coronary heart disease.2
• Metabolic studies have shown that trans fats have
  adverse effects on blood lipid levels--increasing
  LDL ("bad") cholesterol while decreasing HDL
  ("good") cholesterol. This combined effect on the
  ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol is double that of
  saturated fatty acids.3
• Trans fats have also been associated with an
  increased risk of coronary heart disease in
  epidemiologic studies.4
• Based on the available metabolic studies, we
  estimated in a 1994 report that approximately
  30,000 premature coronary heart disease deaths
  annually could be attributable to consumption of
  trans fatty acids.

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Trans Fatty Acids

• Trans unsaturated fatty acids, or trans fats, are
  solid fats produced artificially by heating
  liquid vegetable oils in the presence of metal
  catalysts and hydrogen.1 This process, partial
  hydrogenation, causes carbon atoms to bond in a
  straight configuration and remain in a solid
  state at room temperature. Naturally-occurring
  unsaturated fatty acids have carbon atoms that
  line up in a bent shape, resulting in a liquid
  state at room temperature.

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Cholesterol and Fats
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LDL and HDL
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Cholesterol website info.

• Website
• Body mass index

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Drugs used to decrease Cholesterol

• What is Lipitor?
• Lipitor is a prescription drug for lowering
  cholesterol. For people with high cholesterol,
  Lipitor, in combination with diet, can reduce
  cholesterol and triglyceride levels
  significantly.In medical studies of people with
  high cholesterol, Lipitor tablets, taken once a
  day, had the following effects at doses of 10 mg
  to 80 mg
• Lowered total cholesterol levels by 29 to 45
  (average effect depending on dose)
• Lowered LDL "bad" cholesterol levels by 39 to
  60 (average effect depending on dose)
• Lowered triglyceride levels by 19 to 37
  (average effect depending on dose)
• Increased HDL "good" cholesterol levels by 5 to
  9 (average effect depending on dose)
• How does Lipitor Work?
• Lipitor lowers cholesterol by blocking an enzyme
  in the liver that your body uses to make
  cholesterol. When less cholesterol is produced,
  the liver takes up more of it from the
  bloodstream. This results in lower levels
  circulating in your blood.

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Artery
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Olestra

• Olestra is a no-fat cooking oil that replaces fat
  in preparing foods. Olestra is made by chemically
  combining sugar with the fatty acids obtained
  from vegetable oils. Olestra is marketed under
  the brand name Olean. Though Proctor and Gamble
  had been working on the formula since 1968, it
  wasn't put on the market until 1996. Olestra can
  be used in deep-frying, and it tastes about the
  same as fat without the absorption of fat or
  calories.
• There are some drawbacks, however. Some people
  who've eaten foods prepared with Olestra have
  reported suffering from severe gas pains and
  diarrhea. In addition, studies have indicated
  that Olestra interferes with absorption of
  fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Therefore,
  the makers of products containing Olestra often
  supplement the food by adding those particular
  vitamins. This is of special concern to people on
  the blood-thinning medication Coumadin, as too
  much vitamin K counteracts the benefit of the
  medication.
• Olestra reportedly flushes carotenoids from the
  body as well. Carotenoids are the plant pigments
  that make fruits and vegetables red, yellow or
  orange, and they're also found in green leafy
  vegetables. Research shows that carotenoids
  protect the body against diseases such as cancer,
  heart disease and macular degeneration, a form of
  blindness.
• Olestra critics have attacked the Food and Drug
  Administration for approving a product that may
  not a hundred percent safe for the general
  public, and they allege that food industry
  lobbyists were instrumental getting Olestra
  approved.
• We are a diet-conscious society, but we love our
  fatty foods. The birth of Olestra seemed almost
  too good to be true. Some may find it to be a
  dream come true, while others may see it as a
  wolf in sheep's clothing. One manufacturer
  contends that Olestra is a substitute for
  fat--not a substitute for common sense. It claims
  that like most foods, Olestra is fine if eaten in
  moderation.

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Cell Membranes
-lipid bilayer -hydrophobic tails inside of
membrane and hydophilic heads point toward
intracellular and extracellular
space -cholesterol embedded in membrane
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Waxes
-high molecular weights -protective coatings for
plants (covering of leaves) and animals (feathers
of birds) -"water off of a duck -waxing your
car -wax in your ears
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Worker beeswhich live about five weeks in the
summermake wax from about the 10th day of their
lives to the 16th. When workers are roughly 10
days old, they develop special wax-producing
glands in their abdomens. They eat lots of honey.
The glands convert the sugar in the honey into
wax, which seeps through small pores in the bee's
body leaving tiny white flakes on its abdomen.
These bits of wax are then chewed by the bees.
The chewed wax is added to the construction of
the honeycomb. The cluster of bees means the hive
temperature stays at around 35 degrees Celsius,
which keeps the wax at just the right
consistencyit's not too hot to be drippy and not
too cold to be brittle.
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Bees and Wax
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Saponification and Soap
-Fat NaOH soap -if vegetable fat, softer
soap -hydrophobic portion dissolves dirt (if
dirt non-soluble in water) and hydrophilic
portion attaches to water to be washed away -in
hard water (Mg and Ca), minerals will precipitate
out to leave "ring" around tub. -detergents will
not allow precipitation of minerals
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HOW SOAPS AND DETERGENTS WORK

• These types of energy interact and should be
  in proper balance. Let's look at how they work
  together. Let's assume we have oily, greasy
  soil on clothing. Water alone will not remove
  this soil. One important reason is that oil and
  grease present in soil repel the water molecules.
  Now let's add soap or detergent. The
  surfactant's water-hating end is repelled by
  water but attracted to the oil in the soil. At
  the same time, the water-loving end is attracted
  to the water molecules. These opposing forces
  loosen the soil and suspend it in the water. Warm
  or hot water helps dissolve grease and oil in
  soil. Washing machine agitation or hand rubbing
  helps pull the soil free.

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Soap Diagram
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Soap and Detergents
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steroids
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What are performance-enhancement steroids?

• Website
• http//www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/Steroids.html
• Anabolic-androgenic steroids are man-made
  substances related to male sex hormones.
  Anabolic refers to muscle-building, and
  androgenic refers to increased masculine
  characteristics. Steroids refers to the class
  of drugs. These drugs are available legally only
  by prescription, to treat conditions that occur
  when the body produces abnormally low amounts of
  testosterone, such as delayed puberty and some
  types of impotence. They are also prescribed to
  treat body wasting in patients with AIDS and
  other diseases that result in loss of lean muscle
  mass. Abuse of anabolic steroids, however, can
  lead to serious health problems, some
  irreversible.Today, athletes and others abuse
  anabolic steroids to enhance performance and also
  to improve physical appearance. Anabolic steroids
  are taken orally or injected, typically in cycles
  of weeks or months (referred to as cycling),
  rather than continuously. Cycling involves taking
  multiple doses of steroids over a specific period
  of time, stopping for a period, and starting
  again. In addition, users often combine several
  different types of steroids to maximize their
  effectiveness while minimizing negative effects
  (referred to as stacking).

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Cholesterol -can build-up due to high intake of
saturated fats. -health issues -essential for
human body -LDL, HDL transport it around body
Progesterone -builds up uterine lining. -peaks
after ovulation of female reproductive
cycle -found in birth control pill -see graph of
reproductive cycle
Testosterone and Estrogen -primary hormones for
male and female secondary sexual characteristics
(respectively)
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Cortisone and Cortisol
-glucocorticoid increase glucose level to
promote energy in emergency situations -relate
to "fight or flight" situations. -anti-inflammato
ry effects (cortisone injections for athletes
with joint injuries) -injections for allergic
reactions (bronchiole tube dilation and rashes if
very extreme)
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Cortisone Injections

• Website
• http//orthopedics.about.com/cs/paindrugs/a/cortis
  one.htm

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Signs of Ovulation

• website
• website

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Birth Control and Cancer Risks

• There is evidence of an increased risk of breast
  cancer for women under age 35 who are recent
  users of OCs (see section on Breast Cancer).
  Studies have consistently shown that using OCs
  reduces the risk of ovarian cancer (see section
  on Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers). There is
  evidence that long-term use of OCs may increase
  the risk of cancer of the cervix (see section on
  Cancer of the Cervix). There is some evidence
  that OCs may increase the risk of certain
  cancerous liver tumors (see section on Liver
  Tumors).