I. Nubia

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I. Nubia

• Geography
• developed along the Nile River south of Egypt
• Nubia (Land of the Bow) name of region where
  the Kush and Meroë Kingdoms developed

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Nubian Pyramids

1. often at war with Egypt (starting in Middle
   Kingdom)
2. shared many of the same cultural traits as Egypt
   (religion, architecture, art)

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• B. Economics
• Extensively trade in iron gold
• ivory, copper, incense, animals, ebony

A frankincense tree. The resin was used to make
good smelling incense.
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C. Nubian Society Politics

• mimicked Egypt extensively (ie Egyptian gods)
• conquered Egypt until Assyrians invaded
• 3. matrilineal women played important role in
  politics (Candace, title of a Queen of Nubia)
• Cause of decline?
• -overrun by nomadic camel traders?
• -Roman control of Mediterranean?
• -ENV collapse of iron mines?

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II. Early Mesoamerica The Olmec
Geography -hot and humid, with rivers, swamps,
jungles heavy rainfall
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• Mesoamerica area between central Mexico
  Honduras
• A. Olmec Society
• -mother culture of Mesoamerica (1500
  B.C.E.-200 C.E.)
• -ruled by wealthy families, instead of kings
  (theocracy)
• -cities site of religious ceremonies
  (bloodletting)
• B. Olmec Politics
• -called Cult of the Jaguar
• -city-led government
• -military used to protect trade
• -dirt clay pyramids
• -colossal heads

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• C. Olmec Economy
• -mostly corn, beans, squash farmers
• Highlands obsidian, jade, cacao (drink for
  nobility)
• Lowlands sea food, turtle shells, shark teeth

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III. Early South America The Chavín

• Mother culture in Peru (900 B.C.E. to 250
  B.C.E.)
• Andes mountains (10,000 ft.) capital Chavín de
  Huántar

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• A. Chavin Economy Society
• farming maize, potatoes, llamas, coca leaves
• roads, bridges, irrigation/drainage

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B. Chavin Society

• Chavin de Huantar religious center w/ pyramids,
  plazas, massive mounds
• Chavín culture spread over coastal Peru