Origins of Intelligence Assessments/Inventories (

1
Origins of Intelligence Assessments/Inventorie
s (Testing)

• Plato Saw noted individual differences
• Intelligence Test Binet (1905 -)
• method of assessing an individuals mental
  aptitudes comparing them to those of others,
  using numerical scores
• Testing Paris school kids to ID those who were
  low needed help

2

• Mental Age
• measure of intelligence test performance devised
  by Alfred Binet, Paris, late 1800s
• Why? to ID slower kids in Paris school system to
  help them do better
• chronological age actual age
• mental age if a child does as well as the
  average 8-year-old is said to have an IQ of 100
• Stanford-Binet widely used American revision of
  Binets original intelligence test (1914-15)
• revised by Terman at Stanford University
• Stern designed the intelligence quotient
• (IQ) ?

3

• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• Originally, ratio of mental age (ma) to
  chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
• IQ ma ca x 100 (ma/ca x 100)
• on contemporary tests, the avg performance for a
  specific age is assigned a score of 100
• Most intellg. tests (including the
  Stanford-Binet) no longer compute an IQ score
  (reification p. 422)
• What IS Intelligence?
• ability to learn from experience, solve problems,
  use knowledge to adapt to new situations
• Is determined by a social definition varies
  from culture to culture, era to era

4
What is Intelligence?

• Factor Analysis
• statistical procedure that identifies clusters of
  related items (called factors) on a test
• IDs different performance dimensions that
  underlie our total score
• These factors indicate a basic ability level
• Eugenics Terman others belief that genetics
  was the predominate factor in IQ
• --was a scientific sort of racismno major
  basis in modern psychBasically said some races,
  etc., were genetically better than others.
• Who used these ideas?

5
Spearmans G Factor

• Spearmans General Intelligence (g factor)
• Spearman others said one single factor (a
  general factor) underlies specific mental
  abilities
• This factor is measured by every task on an
  intelligence test
• g general

6
Most commonly administered intelligence
assessments

• WISC-IV most commonly used IQ test for ages 6-16
• WAIS -III is for adults. 
• WIPPSI-III is for preschoolers. 
• Others also use the Stanford-Binet, 5th
  edition, or the Kaufman ABC-II battery for
  children.
• NOTE Roman numerals reflect the multiple
  revisions of the tests since their original
  versions.

7
Are There Multiple Intelligences?

• Savant Syndrome
• condition in which a person otherwise limited in
  mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
  --often (NOT always..) related to autism
• Computation
• Drawing (EX below)
• Social Intelligence
• the know-how involved in comprehending social
  situations managing oneself successfully
• Emotional Intelligence p.426
• ability to perceive,
• express,
• understand,
• regulate emotions

8
Intelligence Creativity

• Creativity the ability to produce novel and
  valuable ideas
• Those creative usually have at least avg. or
  above avg. g factor
• Things that make this possible
• Expertise (have knowledge base)
• imaginative thinking skills (outside the box)
• venturesome personality (take chances)
• intrinsic motivation
• creative environment

9
Brain Function Intelligence

• People who can perceive the stimulus FLASHED very
  quickly tend to score somewhat higher on
  intelligence tests
• P. 430 processing speed, perceptual speed
  neurological speed are all involved in assessing
  the final intellig. Score.
• BUTis that valid? Is FASTER actually BETTER?
• Idea is that faster can process MORE info

10
Assessing (Testing!!) Intelligence

• Aptitude Test designed to predict a persons
  future performance
• looks at abilitieswhat you should be able to do
• aptitude is the capacity to learn
• Achievement Test
• test designed to assess what person has learned
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
• most widely used intelligence test (WWI)
• 2 subtests 1) verbal 2) performance
  (nonverbal)
• WAIS-R revised adult test
• WISC-R revised kids test

11
Assessing Intelligence Weschler added
Performance Component in 1939 b/c of problems
assessing those w/ some verbal disadvantages Samp
le Items from the WAIS
12

• WAIS-R EXs Visual Analogies..block design..
  pic sequencing..WAIS-R
  performance assessment kit

13
Assessing Intelligence

• Standardization
• defining meaningful scores by comparison w/ the
  performance of a pre-tested standardization group
  to create a normwhat is normal
• Normal Curve
• symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the
  distribution of many physical psych. Attributes
• PEAK (mid-point) of curve 50th
  percentilemid-point ½ higher than that ½
  lower than that
• most scores fall near the avg, fewer fewer
  scores lie near the extremes ?

14
Divergent vs. convergent thinkingADD!

• 2 kinds of thinking
• Convergent 1 right answer like IQ on tests
• (damage to left parietal can hurt this kind)
• Divergent More creative.. outside the box
  
• Damage to the FRONTAL lobe can hurt this type

15
Normal Curve (sometimes aka the bell curve)
3 magic s 68 (15 pts. above or below
mid-pt.) 96 (or 95) 2
(inclusive of 99.7)So..whats mentally
challenged genius ? (Psys HATE genius)
16
Kids getting smarter?! Whod a thunk it Flynn
effect Consistent worldwide rise in IQ scores,
even though achievement scores like SAT dropped
WHY? ? ?
17
Why Flynn Effect (James Flynn, 1987, 1999)
occurs Its a mysterybut could be lots
of things

• Test sophistication assessments are better
  nowmore accurately assess
• Nutrition taller, smarter, longer life
  expectancies
• More formal educations for more ppl
• More stimulating environment b/c of t___?
• Less kid-diseases that might cause handicaps
• Smaller families more parental resources (time,
  money, effort) on each kid
• -------------
• So....Why are SAT scores down? Probably b/c more
  ppl and more diverse ppl taking SAT now instead
  of just the middle upper middle class.

18
Assessments of Intelligence (aka Testing)

• ? Reliability Validity
• Reliability extent to which a test yields
  consistent results assessed by consistency of
  scores in 3 ways
• two halves of the test
• alternate forms of the test
• retesting
• Validity How well a test measures or predicts
  what it is supposed to
• EX Does SAT predict success in the 1st year
  of college?
• 3 aspects to validity
• Content validity
• Predictive validity
• Criterion validity

19
Assessing Intelligence 3 major considerations

• 1. Content Validity extent to which a test
  samples a behavior that is of interest
• EX Driving test that samples driving tasks
• DOES it evaluate the content you want to
  look at?
• 2. Criterion validity
• the measure (part of the operational definition)
  used in defining whether the test does have
  predictive validity (next slide ?)
• Some behavior that a test is designed to predict
• EX Are college grades being predicted by SAT
  performance? or...
• In driving, do 3 pt. turns, parking, handling
  the car in tight spaces, etc., represent things
  you will need to do while driving?
• Criterion is what they are shooting for, trying
  to do

20

• 3. Predictive Validity (aka criterion-related
  validity)
• How good a test is at predicting
• compute the correlation between test scores the
  target behavior (behavior youre interested in)
• Can give good predictions RE the behavior looked
  at or not?
• EX DOES the SAT predict success in college?
  Generally, yes.
• BUTGRE (graduate record exam)not as much b/c
  all are higher performing

21
Assessing Intelligence (436) Relating body
wt. success to predictThe larger the sample
the better it can predict

• As the range of data under consideration narrows
  (goes from larger to smaller range), its
  predictive power diminishes
• BTW What is this type of graph called?

22
The Dynamics of Intelligence The Low extreme
of Intelligence

• Mentally Challenged
• (previously called mental retardation or
  mentally handicapped but M-C is the preferred
  reference)
• a condition of limited mental ability
• indicated by an intelligence score at or below 70
• produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of
  life
• varies from mild to profound

23

• Down Syndrome
• A type of retardation associated physical
  disorders caused by an extra chromosome in ones
  genetic makeup
• Usually related to moms age (older moms)
• (extra 21 chromosome for a total of 47
  chromosomes)

24
The Dynamics of Intelligence Know chart! (p.
439) Supreme Court Hearing on executing mentally
challengedhttp//www.newsy.com/videos/supreme-co
urt-hears-debate-on-executing-mentally-disabled/
25
Heritability proportion of variation among
individuals that we can attribute to
genesVariability depends on range of populations
environments studied

• Intelligence heritability about 50
• The most genetically similar people have the most
  similar scores

26
Genetic Influences psychologists look at both
twin studies biological parents vs. adoptive
parents
27

• Environmental Influences The Schooling Effect
  
• IQs tend to rise during the school year drop
  during summer drop after schooling stops
• Soa good argument for year-round school?
• ...Asian students vs. N. American students?

28

• Whats wrong with this picture???

29
Group differences impact of environment The
Seed Analogy

• Same seeds (genetics)
• but different soillevels of fertilizerwater.su
  n ? these so a differing environ. Would
  they grow the same?
• HEAD START Data from research on Head Start
  programs (public pre-school to helped kids from
  lo-socio-econ. environments) show H-S kids are
  less likely to repeat grades than those in
  similar environments NOT in Head Start

30
Group Differences Gender
KNOW the general male female tendencies toward
certain abilities (from info p.448-9) Do these
stronger abilities apply to ALL males or females?
The Mental Rotation Test spatial
understanding Which of the other circles contain
a configuration of blocks identical to the
standard fig. (left)?

31
Group Differences

• Stereotype Threat
• Self-confirming concern/belief negative
  stereotypes give us true evaluation
• Relates to self-fulfilling prophecy placebo
  effect believing something IS true increase
  chance it happens
• I will probably score low scoring
  lower
• Students told they are at a disadvantage on a
  test tend to do worse than those who are told the
  test should be one they do well on
• You are not likely to do as well on this as
  usual
• OR You should do very well on this b/c it
  is written in a way that will show your
  strengths
• Also African-Amer. or females taking test w/ only
  that group perform better than in mixed groups
• Summary
• What you think believe about YOU affects how
  you perform!

32
High vs. low extremes of intelligence

• Myth High IQ kids are mal-adjusted, weird,
  socially inept.this is NOT TRUE
• -There is a high correlation for high IQ
  healthy, well-adjusted, academically successful
  adults
• Most thrive, though some are isolated more as
  kids b/c they dont fit in w/ immature other kids
• Remember giftedness is a socially defined
  trait not a naturally occurring trait like
  eye color (what is this called?)
• Brain size (relative to body size) IS slightly
  positively correlated to intelligence

33

• Big debate tracking
• This is gifted kids separated into other
  classes/schools
• (segregating by ability level)
• Often this means low income minority put into
  low levels, which encourages the stereotype
  threatwhich...
• Tends to widen, not shrink, the gap betwn. lo
  hi especially in elementary school
• Best idea may be, like China Japan
• ? Avoid tracking thru elementary

34
Pitfalls in Diagnostic Labeling of High OR Low
Intelligence

• ?To what do you think the term diagnostic
  labeling refers?
• If we determine someone is of HIGH IQOrLO IQ,
  what might make that a problem? How might the
  following be involved in that consideration?
• Motivation? (either hi or lo?)
• Stereotype threat?
• Flynn Effect?
• Reification?
• GO BACK to slide 29 to H-S
  notes!!!

35

• Theories of Multiple Intelligences (pp. 424-426)
  
• Is there 1 kind? or 2? or 3? ..or
  8?
• Remember Spearman 1 basic general intel. (g
  factor)
• Sternbergs Big 3
• Analytical intelligence
• academic problem solving
• theres 1 right answer
• Creative intelligence
• react to novel situations
• use novel ideas
• Practical intelligence
• deal w/ everyday
• problems come up
• w/ multiple solutions

36

• Howard Gardner
• Theory of 8 Multiple Intelligences
• Verbal
• Movement (kinesthetic)
• Math
• Understanding ourselves (our
  emotions/feelings)
• Music
• Understanding others (emotionreading
• others)
• Spatial analysis/visual (art)
• Understanding our physical environment
• (naturalistic world)

37
Some review ?s

• How does head size correlate with intelligence?
  (p. 429)
• Can you assess an infants possible intelligence?

38
PPL to know RE Intelligence intelligence
assessments

• Binet
• Flynn
• Gardner
• Spearman
• Stern
• Sternberg
• Terman
• Wechsler

39

• Hey, I dont have time to exercise!!

40
ANSWERS to PRACTICE Test from class

• 1.A
• 2.D
• 3.D
• 4.A
• 5.D
• 6.C
• 7.D
• 8.B
• 9.E
• 10.D
• 11.C
• 12.C
• 13.B
• 14.D
• 15.D
• 16.D
• 17.E

18.C 19.D 20.E 21.D 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.D
28.D 29.B 30.D 31.D 32.E 33.B 34.C