America and the World 1921

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• America and the World19211945

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America and the World19211945

• Isolationism
• The Road to War
• Turning the Tide Against the Axis
• The Home Front
• Victory

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A Pact Without Power

• 1928 Kellogg-Brand PactFrance, U.S., twelve
  other nations sign treaty outlawing war
• U.S. retreated from maintaining world order when
  aggressive powers threatened
• Nazi onslaught convinced U.S. to enter World War
  II

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Isolationism

• Depression shifted focus to domestic affairs
• When danger of war arose, U.S. stayed out of it
• Rise of militaristic regimes threatened war
• In Germany, Italy, Japan
• Alliance of Axis Powers threatened entire world

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The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality

• Most Americans resolved against another
  meaningless war
• 1935 Senator Gerald Nye led passage of
  neutrality legislation
• U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited
• U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited

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The pacifism that swept college campuses in the
1930s touched students at the University of
Chicago. These undergraduates hold placards
bearing antiwar slogans as they wait to join a
parade as part of a nationwide demonstration
against war.
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The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality (contd)

• 1937Japan invaded China
• FDR permitted sale of arms to China

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War in Europe

• FDR approved appeasement of Hitler
• 1938 Hitler seized Czechoslovakia
• FDR attempted to revise the neutrality acts, to
  give edge to England, France
• July, 1939 FDR attacked neutrality acts
• September, 1939 W.W.II began, Roosevelt declared
  the acts in force

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The Road to War

• U.S. remained at peace 19391941
• Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for Germany
  and Japan
• Roosevelt openly expressed favor for Allies,
  moved cautiously to avoid outcry from
  isolationists

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From Neutrality to Undeclared War

• FDR 1939 Belligerents may buy U.S. goods on
  "cash and carry" basis
• 1940 Germans unleash blitzkrieg (lightning
  war) occupy France
• America First forms to protest drift toward war
• White Committee wanted to aid Britain
• U.S. greatly increased military spending and
  began a first-ever peacetime draft

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From Neutrality to Undeclared War (contd)

• Roosevelt ran for third term took bold step
  Lend Lease
• U.S. ships transported war supplies
• Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in Europe
  would threaten western civilization
• U.S. Navy told to shoot submarines on sight

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TABLE 27.1 The Election of 1940
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Showdown in the Pacific

• 1937 Japanese occupation of coastal China
• U.S. limited exports to Japan of strategic
  materials
• 1940 Japan allied with Germany, Italy
• Japanese invasion of Indochina prompted U.S. to
  end all trade

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Showdown in the Pacific (contd)

• 1941 U.S.-Japanese negotiations
• U.S. demands Japan leave China
• December 7, 1941Japan bombs U.S. ships at Pearl
  Harbor
• U.S. now fully involved in World War II

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Four American battleships were destroyed in the
surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7,
1941. Caught completely off guard, U.S. forces
still managed to shoot down 29 enemy planes.
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Turning the Tide Against the Axis

• December, 1941 Axis on the offensive
• 19421943 U.S., England, Russia fought to seize
  the initiative
• 19441945 Offensive to crush Axis

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Wartime Partnerships

• U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal
  friendship between FDR and Churchill
• Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance
• Soviet Union often perceives itself alone in
  conflict
• Wartime tensions persist after victory

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At their meeting at Casablanca, Morocco, in
January 1943, President Roosevelt and British
Prime Minister Winston Churchill announced that
the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers
would be the only acceptable basis for ending the
war.
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Halting the German Blitz

• November, 1942 U.S. invaded North Africa
• May, 1943 U.S., England invaded Italy
• Mussolini fell from power
• Slow advance up the Italian peninsula
• Summer, 1943 Battle of Stalingrad
• Russia defeated Germans
• Russia advanced into eastern Europe

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Checking Japan in the Pacific

• Two-pronged drive against Japan
• Douglas MacArthur led drive through New Guinea to
  the Philippines
• Chester Nimitz led navy westward from Pearl
  Harbor to the Philippines
• June, 1942 Victory at Midway launches advance
  into Japanese-held territories

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The Home Front

• War ended depression
• Economy geared for military output
• Automobile factories converted to tank and
  airplane production
• Women moved into the workplace
• Demographic shifted

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The Arsenal of Democracy

• American factories turned out twice as many goods
  as German and Japanese factories
• Scarce goods rationed
• Income of lowest-paid laborers increased faster
  than the rich

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The Arsenal of Democracy (contd)

• Income taxes started to affect many more people
  and system of payroll deduction occurred
• High-savings rate laid basis for postwar
  prosperity

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A Nation on the Move

• Wartime migration South and West
• Early marriages, increased birth rates
• Family-related social problems
• Housing shortages
• More divorces
• Neglected children

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As men left for military service in World War II
and U.S. industry expanded to keep up with the
defense needs, millions of women joined the paid
labor force. The women shown here are operating a
bolt-cutting machine at a factory in Erie,
Pennsylvania.
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Victory

• June 6, 1944 Normandy Invasion
• April 25, 1945 U.S., Russian forces met at
  Torgau
• May 7, 1945 Unconditional German surrender

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War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy

• Soviets did bulk of fighting against Germany
• 300 SU divisions, only 58 U.S. and British
• Soviets decided to control Eastern Europe to
  prevent another German attack
• U.S. sought collective security arrangement
  including the United Nations

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War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy (contd)

• Yalta Conference February 1945
• Agreement let Soviets control elections in
  Eastern Europe
• Soviets agreed to enter war against Japan 3
  months after Germany surrendered
• April 12, 1945 death of FDR

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Triumph and Destuction in the Pacific

• June 21, 1945 U.S. captured Okinawa, complete
  control of Pacific, defeat of Japan only a matter
  of time
• MayAugust Intense air attacks on Japan

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Triumph and Destructionin the Pacific (contd)

• Manhattan Project offered way to crush Japan
  without invasion
• August 6 Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima
• August 9 Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki
• August 14 Japan surrenders

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The atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, a provincial
capital and naval base in southern Japan, on
August 9, 1945, virtually obliterated the city
and killed more than 60,000 people. Only
buildings made with reinforced concrete remained
standing after the blast.
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ConclusionThe Transforming Power of War

• U.S. the most powerful nation on earth
• Unprecedented economic prosperity
• Federal government a permanent force in daily life

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Timeline