Hail to the Chief

1
Hail to the Chief
The Power of the American Presidency
2
Jumpstart Assignment

• Describe the following political cartoon.

Describe Whats Happening in the Cartoon
3
Executive Branch Inception

• The Articles of Confederation combined executive
  and legislative branches
• The Virginia Plan proposed separate executive
  and legislative branches
• Some feared a strong executive branch could lead
  to tyranny or monarchy
• Checks on executive power

Pennsylvania delegate James Wilson
4
Demographic Characteristics of U.S. Presidents

• 70 politicians
• 63 lawyers
• gt50 from the top 3 wealth and social class
• 0.5 born into poverty
• 69 elected from large states

• 100 male
• 97 Caucasian
• 97 Protestant
• 82 of British ancestry
• 77 college educated

http//www.presidentsusa.net
5
Constitutional Qualifications

• Must be at least 35 years old
• Must have lived in the United States for 14 years
• Must be a natural born citizen

And thats it!!!
6
The Presidents Term

• Until 1951, the Constitution placed no limit on
  the number of terms a President might serve.
• Presidents limited the number of terms served to
  two. This tradition was broken by Franklin D.
  Roosevelt in 1940 when he ran for and won a third
  term in office. He then went on to be elected to
  a fourth term in 1944.
• The 22nd Amendment placed limits on presidential
  terms. A President now may not be elected more
  than twice or only once if they became President
  due to succession.

Chapter 13, Section 1
7
Presidential Term of Office

• The two-term precedent
• The 22nd Amendment

President Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to
four terms
George Washington set the two-term precedent
8
Presidential Benefits

• 400,000 taxable salary
• 50,000/year expense account
• 100,000/year travel expenses
• The White House
• Secret Service protection
• Camp David country estate
• Air Force One personal airplane
• Staff of 400-500

Christmas at the White House, 2004
9
Presidential Roles
10
Head of State

• Chief Diplomat Symbol of the US

11
Head of State
Queen Elizabeth and President Reagan, 1983
President Kennedy speaks at Berlin Wall, 1963
12
Chief Executive

• Administrator of the federal government

Chinese Presidents Visit to the US
13
Chief Executive
President Bush holds cabinet meeting in October,
2005
President Clinton with Janet Reno, the first
female Attorney General, February, 1993
14
Commander in Chief

• Civilian commander of the US Armed Forces

15
Commander-in-Chief
President Johnson decorates a soldier in
Vietnam, October, 1966
President Bush aboard U.S.S. Lincoln, May, 2003
16
Chief Legislator

• National agenda setter proposes bills for
  consideration in Congress

17
Chief Legislator
President Clinton delivers the State of the Union
Address, 1997
President Roosevelt signs into law the Social
Security Act, 1935
18
Political Party Leader

• Head of the party who assists in members
  elections or appointment to office

Barack Obama delivers his Inaugural address in
front millions in Washington and millions more on
worldwide TV.
19
Political Party Leader
President Reagan Vice-President Bush accepting
their partys nomination in 1980
20
Crisis Manager

• Lead country through disasters, both natural and
  man-made

President Barack Obama wipes away a tear during
his speech at the event "Together We Thrive
Tucson and America" honoring the January 8, 2011
shooting victims
21
Crisis Manager
President Bush at Ground Zero after 9-11
Vice-President Johnson sworn in aboard Air Force
One after President Kennedys assassination, 1963
22
Moral Persuader

• The White House as a bully pulpit (From President
  T. Roosevelt, meaning a platform from which to
  persuasively advocate and agenda. Word bully
  means superior.

23
Moral Persuader
President Roosevelt and the Bully Pulpit, 1910
President Lincoln during the Civil War, 1862
24
Role of the Vice President
25
Role of the Vice President
____ 1. The vice president is also the president
of the Senate. _____2. The vice president is also
head of the judicial branch and presides over the
Supreme Court. ____ 3. The vice president and
cabinet are part of the legislative branch. ____
4. The vice president is first in the line of
succession to the presidency. ____ 5. The
Constitution notes only one official role for the
vice president. ____ 6. The qualifications for
the vice presidency are not the same as those for
the presidency. ____ 7. The vice president
administers the oath of office to the president.
26
Presidential Disability

• Sections 3 and 4 of the 25th Amendment provide
  procedures to follow when the President is
  disabled.
• The Vice President is to become acting President
  if
• (1) the President informs Congress, in writing,
  that he is unable to discharge the powers and
  duties of his office, or
• (2) the VP and a majority of the members of the
  Cabinet inform Congress, in writing, that the
  President is thus incapacitated.

Chapter 13, Section 2
27
The 25th Amendment

• Deals with instances in which the president dies
  or becomes disabled
• Established an order of succession
• Set rules for choosing a new vice-president

Lyndon Johnson takes the presidential oath of
office after the assassination of JFK
28
(No Transcript)
29
Presidential Succession Act of 1947

• Provides an official line of succession should
  something happen to the President or Vice
  President.
• Non-Natural-Born citizens are ineligible
• Must have been confirmed by Senate
• 14 VPs have went on to become President. 5 of
  our last 11 Presidents were once VP.

30
Vice President

• Joe Biden-D

31
Speaker of the House

• John Boehner - R

32
President Pro Tempore of the Senate

• Patrick Leahy-D

33
Secretary of State

• John Kerry-D

34
Secretary of the Treasury

• Jacob Lew-Ind

35

• Presidential Powers of the United States

36
Constitutional Powers

• Powers/duties are very limited
• executive power enact/enforce law
• Military Power
• Diplomatic Power
• Appointment Power
• Veto Power

37
Formal Powers of the President

• Constitutional or enumerated powers of the
  presidency
• Found primarily in Article II of the Constitution

38
Formal Powers Commander-in-Chief(National
Security Powers)

• Commander in Chief of the Army Navy
• Commander in Chief of the state militias (now the
  National Guard)
• Commission all officers

39
Formal Powers Commander-in-Chief - Examples

• Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief during
  Civil War
• FDR during WWII
• Eisenhower sends army to segregate HS in Little
  Rock, AR (1957)
• George W. Bush deploys National Guard reservists
  in Iraq

40
Formal Powers Chief Executive (Administrative
Powers)

• Faithfully execute the laws
• Require the opinion of heads of executive
  departments
• Grant pardons for federal offenses except for
  cases of impeachment
• Nominate judges of the Supreme Court and all
  other officers of the U.S. with consent of the
  Senate
• Fill vacancies that may happen during recess of
  the Senate

41
Formal Powers Chief Executive - Examples

• Washington created the first cabinet (1789)
• President Ford pardoned Richard Nixon (1974)
• President Reagan appoints first female Supreme
  Court Justice (1981)

42
Formal Powers Foreign Affairs (National
Security Powers)

• Appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls
• Make treaties subject to Senate confirmation
• Receive ambassadors

43
Formal Powers Foreign Affairs - Examples

• President Kennedy negotiates the Nuclear Test Ban
  Treaty with the USSR

44
Formal Powers Chief Legislator (Legislative
Powers)

• Give State of the Union address to Congress
• Recommend measures (legislation) to the
  Congress
• Upon extraordinary occasions convene both
  houses of Congress
• Adjourn Congress if House and Senate can not
  agree on adjournment

45
Formal Powers Chief Legislator (cont.)

• Presidential Veto
• Veto Message within 10 days of passing the House
  of origin
• Pocket Veto - President does not sign within 10
  days
• Congress can override with 2/3 majority from both
  Houses
• Veto Politics
• Congressional override is difficult (only 4)
• Threat of veto can cause Congress to make changes
  in legislation

46
Formal Powers Chief Legislator - Examples

• George Washington gave the first State of the
  Union address
• FDR and the New Deal
• Obama and Stimulus Plan

47
(No Transcript)
48
(No Transcript)
49
JUDICIAL POWERS

• Grant reprieves and pardons for federal offenses
  (except impeachment)
• Nominate federal judges (including Supreme Court
  Justices), who are confirmed by the Senate

50
Informal Powers

• Those powers not explicitly written in the
  Constitution
• Similar to necessary and proper powers of
  Congress
• In the modern era (since 1933), the Presidents
  informal powers may be significantly more
  powerful than his formal powers

51
Executive Orders

• Orders issued by the President that carry the
  force of law
• Clintons Dont ask dont tell gays in the
  military policy
• FDRs internment of Japanese Americans
• GWB trying suspected terrorists in military
  tribunals

Notice for Japanese relocation, 1942
52
Executive Agreements

• International agreements, usually related to
  trade, made by a president that has the force of
  a treaty does NOT need Senate approval
• Jeffersons purchase of Louisiana in 1803

• GWB announced cuts in the nuclear arsenal, but
  not in a treaty usually trade agreements between
  
• US and other nations

53
Executive Privilege

• Claim by a president that he has the right to
  decide that the national interest will be better
  served if certain information is withheld from
  the public, including the Courts and Congress

• United States v. Nixon (1973) presidents do NOT
  have unqualified executive privilege (Nixon
  Watergate tapes)

54
Questions for Discussion

• Why are informal powers more important than
  formal powers, particularly to modern presidents?
• Identify several advantages and disadvantages of
  the use of the presidents informal powers.
• Has the use and perhaps abuse of the informal
  powers created an Imperial Presidency? Defend
  your answer.

55
War Peace - Whose Power Is It?
The War Powers Struggle Between the President
and Congress
56

Constitutionally Speaking War Powers
57
War Powers - President

• Commander in Chief of the Army Navy
• Commander in Chief of the state militias (now the
  National Guard)
• Commission all
  officers
• Appoint ambassadors,
  ministers and consuls
• Make treaties subject
  to senate confirmation
• Receive ambassadors

58
Indirect War Powers President

• Faithfully execute the laws
• Require the opinion of heads of executive
  departments
• Recommend measures to the congress
• Upon extraordinary occasions convene both
  houses of congress

59
War Powers - Congress

• Declare war
• Raise support army navy
• Ratify treaties (Senate)
• Advise consent of ambassadors (Senate)
• Make rules concerning captures on land water
• Organize, arm, train provide for the militia
• Suppress insurrections repel invasions

60
Indirect War Powers-Congress

• Make all laws necessary and proper for carrying
  out the expressed powers of the Constitution
• Regulate commerce with foreign nations
• Originate tax bill (House)
• Collect taxes, duties, excises (both
• Borrow (both)
• Define and punish offenses against the law of
  nations

61
War Powers Resolution - Purpose

• Full intent of the framers
• Insure collective judgment between Congress and
  the President occurs when US armed forces are
  introduced into hostilities
• Cites necessary and proper clause to grant
  Congress authority in WPR

62
The War Powers Resolution

• President must consult w/ Congress before
  introducing armed forces into hostilities
• Consult with Congress regularly until troops
  removed
• If war not declared, President must submit report
  to Congress within 48 hours of troop deployment
• President must remove troops after 60 days (30
  days for withdrawal) if Congress has not declared
  war