Period 6 Notes

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Period 6 Notes

• Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c.
  1900 to the Present

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Chinese Revolution

• Overview
• Chinese Revolution occurred in multiple stages
• Xinhai Revolution (1911) overthrow of Qing
  Dynasty creation of Republic of China
• Northern Expedition (1926-28) victory of
  Nationalists over local warlords that resulted in
  reunification of China.
• 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1936-45) Japanese take
  control of much of NE China
• Civil War (1945-49) after WWII, Communists
  seize power and Nationalists retreat to Taiwan

3
Chinese Revolution

• Who?
• Sun Yat Sen led overthrow of Qing became 1st
  President (led Guomindang Nationalists)
• Chaing Kai Shek was ally of Sun Yat Sen and led
  Nationalists after Sens death
• Mao Zedong led Communist Revolution against
  Chiang Kai Shek
• Peasants, intellectuals, workers

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Chinese Revolution

• Why?
• Desire to remove failing Qing Dynasty
• Increasing Western influence
• Desire for Republic
• Anti-foreign sentiment (Manchu, West, Japan)
• Communism

5
Chinese Revolution

• Challenges/Setbacks
• Division between Nationalists Communists led to
  civil war
• Weakened state was easier for Japanese to invade
  during 2nd Sino-Japanese War
• Infighting about Western influence, communism vs.
  capitalism, empire vs. republic, class divisions,
  warlords

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Chinese Revolution

• Results
• Internal fighting disorder for most of time
  between 1911 1949
• End of 2000 years of imperial system
• Creation of two competing Chinas (Peoples
  Republic of China (Communist mainland China)
  Republic of China (Capitalist Taiwan)
• PRC highly secretive and restrictive, but quality
  of life improves as 20th century continues
• Taiwan becomes U.S. ally and large exporter

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Long Term Causes of WW I

• Militarism
• Massive buildup of armies/arms
• Obsession with national security was a product of
  nationalism
• Example British/German naval race

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Long Term Causes of WW I

• Alliances
• Europe divided into 2 armed alliances pledging
  mutual support
• Led to domino effect once war started

• Triple Entente (Allies) Britain, France, Russia
  (Serbia)
• Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany,
  Austria, Ottoman Empire

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European Map of WWI
What disadvantage did the Central Powers have?
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Long Term Causes of WW I

• Imperialism
• Competition over acquiring colonies (esp. in
  Africa) led to significant tension

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Global Map of WWI
What of the world was affected by WWI?
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Long Term Causes of WW I

• Nationalism
• Countries placed their own self-interest above
  cooperation
• Fierce rivalries/hatred develop between nations
• Examples Balkan Peninsula, France/German

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Short Term Causes of WW I

• The spark, or catalyst that starts WWI is the
  Assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz
  Ferdinand

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By terms of prior agreement France enters war to
aid Russia
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Trench Warfare
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Why does the US Enter WWI?

• German unrestricted submarine warfare
• Zimmerman Telegram
• Alliance with Great Britain
• Concern with mounting casualties
• Desire to be involved in peace talks

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Zimmerman Telegram
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Short Term Effects of WWI

• 10 million soldiers killed
• RUS 2 mil., GER 1.3 mil., FRA 1.3 mil., GB
  900,000, US 115,000
• 4 million civilians killed
• 180 billion

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Long Term Effects

• Treaty of Versailles Successes

• Treaty of Versailles Failures

• Self-determination not granted to non-European
  peoples
• Mandates created in Ottoman Empire
• Israel not created as Jewish homeland
• Militaries not reduced
• Freedom of trade on the seas not established
• USA does NOT join
• Alliances not eliminated

• Creation of League of Nations
• Self-determination of European countries in
  Balkans
• Poland formed as new nation between GER RUS
• Germany takes blame for war, forced to pay
  reparations, demilitarize and give up border land
  to France all colonies

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Long Term Effects

• Destruction of Eastern Central European Empires
• Communism arises in Russia
• Weakening of the West
• Economic instability, loss of colonies,
  concessions made, power shifts to US Japan
• Social Political Transformations
• Power shift to middle class
• Womens suffrage in 1920s

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Womens Suffrage
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Womens Suffrage
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The 1920s

• Great economic growth in the U.S. (Roaring 20s)
• Turmoil in Europe as it rebuilds from WWI
  (especially Germany)
• Colonies grew restless tired of imperial rule
• Communism grew more popular (especially in Russia
  China)

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The Great Depression

• Period of economic depression starting in late
  1920s through the end of WWII
• Starts first in USA Western Europe but affects
  entire world
• Causes
• War induced inflation
• Overproduction during WWI resulted in supply
  becoming greater than demand

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The Great Depression

• Causes
• Poor financial decisions of the roaring 20s
• Colonial economies tied to those of mother
  countries multiplied the impact
• Stock Market Crash 1929
• Wall Street Collapse
• Purchasing of stocks on margin

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The Great Depression

• Effects
• Western Democracies Japan affected the most
• Unemployment extremely high
• Values of exports drop
• Government gets more involved in economy (FDRs
  New Deal)
• Extreme political reactions massive rearmament
• Germany ? Rise of Nazis, Italy ? Rise of Fascism,
  Japan ? Rise of extreme militarism
• USSR not affected as they did not rely on market
  forces
• Stalin had implemented 5 Year Plans to rapidly
  reorganize and industrialize Russian society

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Long Term Causes of WWII

• Totalitarian Rule
• Arose in vulnerable countries
• Aggressive persuasive leaders who had answers
  to post-WWI questions
• Blamed scapegoats
• Massive rearming
• Focus on nationalism

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Long Term Causes of WWII

• Totalitarian Rule
• Growth of Fascism
• Starts in Italy with Mussolini
• Response to economic/social problems
• Strong central government
• Aggressive foreign policy
• Anti-democracy
• Place state above individual

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Long Term Causes of WWII

• Treaty of Versailles
• Source of bitterness between GER USSR
• German financial burden put them in desperate
  situation
• Newly created countries created disputes
• Failed to resolve nationalist issues

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Long Term Causes of WWII

• Appeasement
• GB FRA give into Hitlers demands to avoid
  contact
• League of Nations unable to deter Japanese thirst
  for empire

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Long Term Causes of WWII

• Japans Desire for a Pacific Empire
• Rival with U.S. for control of the Pacific
• Increasing need for resources due to rapid
  industrialization
• Conquest was an expression of feelings of
  superiority

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Short Term Causes of WWII

• German invasion of Poland
• September 1, 1939
• Germany attacks Poland using Blitzkreig tactics
• Pulls GB FRA into war
• Hitler did not expect them to intervene after
  pattern of appeasement

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WWII in European Theatre of War
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Short Term Causes of WWII

• Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941
• Sneak attack on U.S. naval forces
• Does not destroy entire U.S. fleet
• I fear we have awakened a sleeping giant.

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WWII Pacific Theatre of War
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Effects of WWII

• War Crimes Trials
• Nuremberg Trials for Nazis
• Tokyo Trials for Japanese
• To some degree served as inspiration of modern
  International Criminal Court (ICC)

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Effects of WWII

• European powers lose their colonial empires
• Occurs slowly throughout 20th century
• U.S. U.S.S.R. emerged as rival superpowers
• Led to Cold War
• Capitalist Democracy vs. Communist Dictatorship

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Effects of WWII

• Growth of International Organizations
• United Nations (UN)
• New improved version of League of Nations
• International peacekeeping organization
• Security Council placed world powers in control
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Created to foster economic cooperation and growth
  

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Effects of WWII

• Europe rebuilt with the Marshall Plan
• Economic recovery was meant to keep Europe from
  falling back into despair
• Bolstered U.S. economy
• Germany divided into 4 zones of occupation

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Effects of WWII

• Japan rebuilt with assistance of U.S.
• Direct U.S. military occupation under General
  MacArthur
• Japanese military removed
• New constitution written
• U.S. takes responsibility for protection of Japan
• Japanese economy rebounds quickly

42
What was the Cold War?

• Defeat of Germany broke up Grand Alliance of GB,
  US, USSR
• Soviets break post-WWII promises
• State of hostilities and suspicion without
  actually direct military conflict between the US
  USSR between 1945 1989.

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Initial Stage of the Cold War (1945-1969)

• Fall of the West replacement by two superpowers
  their alliances

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Initial Stage of the Cold War (1945-1969)

• Soviet absorption of Eastern Europe
• Containment Policy Domino Theory
• George Keenan
• Truman Doctrine

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Initial Stage of the Cold War (1945-1969)

• Arms Race between US USSR
• Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Theory
• Keeps both powers in check
• Intensifies importance of diplomacy
• Makes previous military planning instantly
  obsolete

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Initial Stage of the Cold War (1945-1969)

• Growth of international organizations
• Necessary to avoid WWIII
• United Nations
• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
• Globalization of the Cold War
• Impact on non-aligned (3rd world) countries
• New nations modernize are freed from Europeans
• Superpowers compete for influence
• Fuels Domino Theory

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Détente Stage of the Cold War (1969-1979)

• Détente relaxing of tensions between the US
  USSR
• Why?
• Effects of Cuban Missile Crisis
• US War weary from 15 years in Vietnam
• US USSR suffering from economic problems
• Soviet fear of improving relations between US
  China

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Détente Stage of the Cold War (1969-1979)

• China USSR reenter global market
• Treaties Signed
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
• SALT I
• Helsinki Accords (Human Rights Doctrine)
• Why does Détente end in 1979?
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• American response is hard line foreign policy
  with build up of military again

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Final Stage of the Cold War (1979-1989)

• US becomes more aggressive
• Reagan ushers in Star Wars program new arms
  race aggressively pushes for Soviet
  conciliation
• US enters affairs of Latin America to actively
  discourage communist governments
• Soviet economy influence failing
• Dissident movements in Soviet union growing
• Nationalism growing in E. Europe

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Final Stage of the Cold War (1979-1989)

• Gorbachevs reforms
• Perestroika Glasnost
• Despite attempts at reform, would not totally
  abandon communism
• INF Treaty
• Soviets slowly loosen grip on E. Europe
• E. Europe Baltic States become free
• Coup is attempted but fails USSR breaks up

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What does this mean to former Soviet Union her
allies?