Title: Uncoordinated Optical Multiple Access using IDMA and Nonlinear TCM
1Uncoordinated Optical Multiple Access using IDMA
and Nonlinear TCM
UCLA Electrical Engineering Department-Communicati
on Systems Laboratory
- PIs Eli Yablanovitch, Rick Wesel, Ingrid
Verbauwhede, Bahram Jalali, Ming Wu - Students whose work is discussed here
- Juthika Basak, Herwin Chan, Miguel Griot, Andres
Vila Casado, Wen-Yen Weng
2Outline of more detailed discussion
- Motivation Optical Channel, Uncoordinated
Multiple Access. - Models and Capacity Calculation
- Basic Model the OR Channel
- Treating other users as noise
- Capacity loss vs. complexity reduction.
- The Z channel
- The need for non-linear codes
- Optimal ones density
- Non-linear Trellis Coded Modulation (NL-TCM)
- Definition of distance in the Z-Channel
- Design Technique
- Conclusions
- Future Work
3Motivation Optical Channels, Multiple Access
- Optical Channels
- provide very high data rates, up to tens to
hundreds of gigabits per second. - Typically deliver a very low Bit Error Rate
- Wavelength Division (WDMA) or Time Division
(TDMA) are the most common forms of Multiple
Access today. - However, they require considerable coordination.
- Objective
- Uncoordinated access to the channel.
- Apply error correcting codes, in order to achieve
the required BER. - Maximizing the rate at feasible complexity for
optical speeds.
4Basic Model The OR Multiple Access Channel
(OR-MAC)
- OR Channel model
- Basic model that can describe the multiple-user
optical channel with non-coherent combining - N users transmitting at the same time
- If all users transmit a 0, then a 0 is received
- If even one of them transmits a 1, a 1 is
received - 0XX, 1X1
User 1
User 2
Receiver
User N
5OR Channel Theoretical characteristics
- Achievable rate (Capacity)
- The theoretical limits for the MAC, were given by
Liao and Ahslwede. - In the case of the OR-MAC, the Theoretical
Capacity is the triangle of all rate-pairs less
than the maximum possible sum-rate, which is 1. - This sum-rate can be theoretically achieved by
- Joint Decoding.
- Sequential decoding (requires coordination).
- Time-Sharing or Wave-length sharing (requires
coordination).
6Treating other users as noise the Z-Channel
- Joint Decoding and Successive Decoding are fully
efficient in that one useful bit of information
is transmitted per time-wavelength slot. - However, non of these are computationally
feasible for optical speeds today. - A practical alternative is to treat all but a
desired user as noise. - This alternative, while dramatically reducing the
decoding complexity, looses up to 30 of full
capacity, as we will see next. - When treating other users as noise in an OR-MAC,
each user sees what is called the Z-Channel. - My research has been focused on the Z-Channel,
resulting from the OR-MAC when treating other
users as noise.
7The Z-Channel
- N users, all transmitting with the same ones
density p P(X1)p, P(X0)1-p. - Focus on a desired user
- If it transmits a 1, a 1 will be received.
- If it transmits a 0, a 0 will be received only if
all other N-1 users transmit a 0
8Maximum achievable sum-rate, when treating other
users as noise.
- Information Theory tells us the optimal ones
density to transmit for each user. - When the number of users tends to infinity, the
optimal ones density tends to
, which is also the optimal density for joint
decoding. - In that case equal probabilities of 1 and 0 is
perceived at the receiver. - Note that for a large number of users, the
optimal ones density becomes very small. - Surprisingly, the maximum achievable sum-rate is
always lower-bounded by ln(2)0.6931 and tends to
ln(2) when the number of users tends to infinity.
9Comparison of capacities
Optimal ones densities
Users Joint Others noise
2 0.293 0.286
6 0.109 0.108
12 0.056 0.056
10The need for non-linear codes
- Linear codes provide equal density of ones and
zeros in their output (p0.5). - Most of the codes studied in the literature are
linear codes. - For linear codes, the achievable rate tends to
zero as the number of users increase. - As the number of users increase, the optimal ones
density tends to zero. - Non-linear codes with relatively low density of
ones are required, to a achieve a good rate. - Only recently, there has been work on LDPC codes
with arbitrary density of ones. There is still no
design technique described for these codes, and
they cant be decoded at optical speeds today. - This work introduces a novel design technique for
non-linear trellis codes with an arbitrary
density of ones.
11Interleaver Division Multiple Access (IDMA)
- Every user has the same channel code, but each
users code bits are interleaved by a randomly
drawn interleaver, with very high probability of
being unique. - The receiver is assumed to know the interleaver
of the desired user. - With IDMA in the OR-MAC, a receiver should see
the signal from a desired user, corrupted by a
memoryless Z-Channel. - Performance obtained for a 6-user OR-MAC using
IDMA, and for the corresponding Z-Channel were
the same in our C simulations.
12Non-linear Trellis Coded Modulation
- Desired density of ones p is given
- Rate of the form 1/n (1 input bit, n output
bits). - states (represented by v bits)
- 2S branches
- Feed-forward encoder with 1 input
- Design
- Assign output values to the 2S branches of the
trellis - Objective Maximize the minimum distance (greedy
definition) - Those outputs have to maintain the desired
density of ones p.
13Assigning Hamming Weights
- First step assign Hamming weights to the output
of each branch. - Using any of the definitions of distance given
before, codewords with as equal Hamming weight
between each other lead to better performance. - In the case of codewords with different Hamming
weights, the worst-case performance will be
driven by those codewords with smaller Hamming
weight. - Criteria assign as similar Hamming weights to
the branches as possible, maintaining the density
of ones as close to the desired density of ones
as close to the desired p as possible.
14Assigning Hamming Weights
- Consider the following sub-graph
- There are S/2 of these sub-graphs.
- Branches produced by an input bit equal to 0 for
both states (or 1) go to the same state. - Define
- In this subgroup of four branches, assign a
Hamming weight of w1 to i branches, and a
Hamming weight of w to (4-i) branches.
15Assigning Hamming Weights, Examples
- 6-user OR-MAC, desired density of ones is
. - n20 w2, i2
- 2 branches with Hw2, 2 with Hw3 (p1/8).
- n 18 w2, i1
- 3 branches with Hw2, 1 with Hw3 (p1/8).
- n 17 w2, iround(0.5)
- 1 branch with Hw3 and 3 with Hw2 (p0.132)
- all with Hw2 (p2/170.118).
- 100-user OR-MAC,
- n 400 w2, i3 (p 0.006875)
- n 360 w2, i2 (p 0.006944)
16Ungerboecks rule
- We can increase the minimum distance by applying
Ungerboecks rule maximize the distance between
all splits and merges. - Remember that all output values had at least a
Hamming distance of w. - For every two different codewords, their paths
split and merge at least once, and there are at
least v-1 branches between the split and the
merge. - Hence Ungerboecks rule delivers
17Extending Ungerboecks rule
- One can extend Ungerboecks rule into the trellis.
0
1
Maximize split
18Extending Ungerboecks rule
- One can extend Ungerboecks rule into the trellis.
0
0
1
1
0
1
Maximize
19Extending Ungerboecks rule
- One can extend Ungerboecks rule into the trellis.
Note that by maximizing the distance between the
8 branches, coming from a split 2 trellis section
before, we are maximizing all groups of 4
branches coming from a split in the previous
trellis section, and all splits.
0
0
1
1
Maximize
0
1
20Designing for a very low desired ones density
- For a low enough desired ones density, all the
branches can be chosen to have maximum distance.
The design becomes straight-forward. - It is possible to choose all branches so that
there is at most 1 branch that has a 1 in a given
position. - Straight-forward design
- Assign Hamming weights to branches
- For each branch, add ones in positions that
arent used in previous branches - Example 100-user OR-MAC,
21Performance Results
- For all implementations, states were
used. - 6-user OR-MAC
- n20 Sum-rate 0.30
- 2 branches with Hw2, 2 with Hw3 (p1/8).
- h3, g2
- n 18 Sum-rate 1/3
- 3 branches with Hw2, 1 with Hw3 (p1/8).
- h2,g2
- n 17 Sum-rate 0.353
- all with Hw2 (p2/170.118).
- h2,g2
- 100-user OR-MAC,
- n 400 w2, i3 (p 0.006875)
- n 360 w2, i2 (p 0.006944)
- for both cases
22Conclusions
- A novel design technique for non-linear trellis
codes, that provide a wide range of ones density. - These codes have been designed for the Z-Channel,
that arises in the optical multiple access
channel with IDMA. - A relatively low ones density is essential for
the OR-MAC channel, and asymmetric channels in
general. - An arbitrary number of users is supported,
maintaining relatively the same efficiency
(around 30) - Although these codes are not capacity achieving,a
good part of the capacity is achieved, with a
suitable BER fr optical needs, and a complexity
feasible for optical speeds with todays
technology. An FPGA implementation has been built
to prove this fact.
23Future work Capacity achieving codes
- Capacity achieving codes.
- Although they may not be feasible for optical
speeds, with todays technology, Turbo codes and
LDPC codes will be feasible in the near future - Part of my immediate futures work will be the
design Turbo-Like codes, with an arbitrary ones
density. - Most common Turbo-like codes are
- Parallel concatenation of convolutional codes
- Serially concatenated convolutional codes.
- The convolutional codes will be replaced by
properly designed NL-TCMs.
24Non-linear Turbo Like codes
- Serial concatenation CC NL-TCM
- Parallel concatenated NL-TCMs
CC
Interleaver
NL-TCM
NL-TCM
Interleaver
NL-TCM