Do Now

1
Do Now

• Take out DNA and genetics final review guide
• Write down any questions you have pertaining to
  your final exam.

2
Genetics

• What are the gametes of a male? Sperm
• A female? Egg
• 2. Define phenotype and genotype.
• Phenotype the outward appearance of a trait
  (ex Tall)
• Genotype the actual alleles that code for the
  trait (ex Tt)
• 3. What are the products of mitosis? 2 diploid
  cells Meiosis? 4 haploid cells Fertilization? 1
  diploid cell

3

• Explain and give an example of the different
  types of inheritance incomplete dominance,
  polygenic, codominance, multiple alleles.
  Practice punnett squares for each type of
  inheritance!
• Incomplete dominance
• A pattern of inheritance where the heterozygous
  gene produces an intermediate trait.
• Ex Red (RR or Rr) flowered plant and a White
  (rr) flowered plant cross to make pink flowers
• R
  r
  
• r
• r
  
• 031 0 red, 3 pink, 1 white

Rr
Rr
Rr
rr
4
(4. continued)

• Codominance
• A pattern of inheritance where neither allele is
  recessive so the phenotypes of both alleles are
  expressed in some way.
• Ex Cattle (red RR, white RR and roan RR)

5

• (4. Continued)
• Polygenic - traits are controlled by
• several interacting genes, rather than by a pair
  of alleles at a single locus.
• Ex Human hair and eye color

6
(4. continued)

• Multiple Alleles - genes have more than two
  different alleles--thus, "multiple" alleles
• Type A - IA IA, IA i
• Type B - IB IB, IA I
• Type AB - IA IB
• Type O - i i
• (What percent chance will
• offspring have type A blood?)

7

• Define homozygous. And heterozygous.
• Homozygous pair of alleles that are the same
• Ex tt, TT
• Heterozygous pair of alleles that are different
• Ex Tt
• What is a karyotype? What do you learn from it?
• Karyotype a chart of metaphase chromosome pair
  arranged by size and placement of centromere
• A karyotype will tell you the sex of a baby or
  whether or not it has a genetic disorder like
  Downs Syndrome, before birth.

8
DNA

• A bonds with T C bonds with G (Think
  about it could DNA be copied without this paring
  of nitrogen bases??)
• What is translocation? Substitution? Deletion?
  Point mutation? frameshift mutation?
• Translocation A chromosome alteration in which
  a whole chromosome or segment of a chromosome
  becomes attached to or interchanged with another
  whole chromosome or segment
• Substitution a type of mutation due to
  replacement of one nucleotide in a DNA sequence
  by another nucleotide.
• Deletion the absence of a segment of DNA may
  be as small as a single base or large enough to
  encompass one or more entire genes.(Ex leaving
  a line)
• Point mutation Changing one nucleotide in a
  sequence of DNA caused by substitution.
• Frameshift mutation - An insertion or deletion
  involving the movement of the rest of the
  sequence from the site of the mutation on.

9
DNA

• 3. A nucleotide consists of these three parts?
• Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G)
• Deoxyribose Sugar
• Phosphate
• 4. What is transcription? Translation?
• Transcription - is the coping of the DNA code to
  mRNA
• Translation is converting the RNA code to
  proteins(amino acids)

10
DNA

• 5. What is gel electrophoresis?
• Gel electrophoresis is the process sorting
  molecules like DNA by size and charge
• What is genetic engineering?
• Genetic engineering is the process of altering or
  changing the DNA of an organism. For example
  inserting a small fragment of frog DNA into
  another species.

11
Do Now

• Take out evolution review guide to be checked
• Start to work on DNA and genetics until we start
  to go over Evolution Answers.
• Homework DNA and genetics due tomorrow

12
Evolution

• How are fossils formed? Fossils can be formed in
  different ways. Fossils can be found in
  sedimentary rock layers. Fossil insects may have
  been trapped in ice or hardened into amber.
• How do scientists learn about organisms of the
  past when studying fossils? Scientists identify
  different kinds of fossils found in sedimentary
  rock layers. Scientists can determine the
  approximate time organism lived and the climate.
• Define divergent, convergent, coevolution. Give
  an example of each
• Divergent - the evolution from a common
  ancestor to a variety of species
• Convergent- two unrelated species appear
  similar even though they are geographically
  separated and genetically different.
• Coevolution- two separate species evolve
  response to one another

13
Evolution

• Explain the difference between analogous,
  homologous and vestigial structures. Give an
  example of each.
• Homologous structure structures that have
  similar evolutionary origin and structure but are
  adapted for different purposes. Example bat
  wing and human arm
• Analogous structure structures that do not
  have similar evolutionary origin but have similar
  function. Example bat wing, bird wing and
  flying squirrel
• Vestigial Structure structures that are no
  longer used or needed Example the pelvic girdle
  and leg bones of an adult python
• Define natural selection.
• Natural Selection is the survival and
  reproduction of the organisms that are
  genetically best adapted to the environment.

14
Evolution

• 6. Explain the difference between disruptive,
  directional and stabilizing selection. Give an
  example of each.
• Stabilizing selection the average individual of
  a population are favored.
• Disruptive selection individuals with both
  extreme forms of a trait are at a selective
  advantage.
• Directional selection favors one extreme form
  of a trait in a population.
• 7. Define nonrandom mating and gene flow.
• Gene flow the movement of genes into and out of
  a gene pool
• 8. Who is Charles Darwin?
• Charles Darwin is the founder of the modern
  evolutionary theory evolution by natural
  selection
• 9. What is geographic isolation?
• Geographic isolation occurs when organisms of the
  same species are physically separated by some
  geographic structure ex mountain, lake
• 10. What is camouflage?The ability to blend into
  the surrounding environment.

15
Ecology

• How is nitrogen released to the abiotic parts of
  the biosphere?
• Decay by bacteria
• 2. How does carbon dioxide enter the biotic parts
  of the biosphere?
• Photosynthesis

16
Ecology

• 3. List and explain the different levels of
  organization.
• Biosphere - includes all parts of Earth where
  life exists
• Biome- many ecosystems with similar climates
• Ecosystem interactions between living(biotic)
  and non-living(abiotic) factors
• Community interactions between several species
  in an area
• Population groups of organisms of same species
  interacting in a particular area
• Organism an individual

17
Ecology

• 4. Name and explain the differences between the 5
  different types of symbiosis.
• Predation one organism (predator) captures and
  consumes another organism (prey)
• Parasitism relationship where one organism is
  helped and the other is harmed
• Competition the use of the same limited
  resource by 2 or more organisms in the same place
  at the same time
• Mutualism relationship where both organisms
  benefit
• Commensalism relationship where one organism is
  helped and the other is neither helped nor harmed

18
Ecology

• 5. Explain the difference between logistic and
  exponential growth. What kind of curves
  represent each?
• Exponential growth is unrestricted population
  growth or growth without any limiting factors
  whereas logistic growth is population growth that
  is restricted by limiting factors in the
  environment.
• Hint it is very important to understand
  limiting factors and carrying capacity!!!

19
Ecology

• Exponential growth curve-
• Unrestricted populations of
• organisms
• Logistic
  growth curve a population that grows
  until it reaches its carrying capacity
  has this shape

20
Ecology

• What is a major threat to biodiversity?
• Habitat Loss
• Why is biodiversity important to people?
• Biodiversity provides many resources for humans
  (food, water, medicine, recreation, beauty)

21
Ecology

• Explain the difference between primary and
  secondary succession.
• Primary succession occurs in an area where there
  was no life before whereas secondary succession
  occurs in an area where primary succession
  already took place but was destroyed in a
  disaster or disrupted.
• An example of primary succession is the initial
  development of plant or animal communities in an
  area where no soil initially exists (such as
  caused by a lava flow following volcanic eruption
  or severe landslide that covered the land). The
  primary succession is important in pioneering the
  area to create conditions favorable for the
  growth of other forms of plants and animals.

22
Ecology

• Define climax community.
• A climax community is a stable ecosystem that
  develops due to succession.
• Explain the difference between a food web and a
  food chain?
• A food chain is the series of organisms showing
  feeding relationships. A food web is a
  combination of interconnected food chains.

23
Ecology

• What do the arrows represent in a food chain/web?
• The arrows represent the movement of energy in a
  food chain/web.
• 12. What happens to the energy as you move up the
  food chain?
• The amount of available energy decreases.

24
13. List the trophic levels from the bottom to
the top of the period.
25
Ecology

• 14. Where do decomposers get their energy?
• Dead plants and animals
• Example mushrooms growing off of dead logs

26
Classification

• Define taxonomy and classification.
• Taxonomy is the system for classifying and
  identifying organisms.
• Classification is the system for grouping similar
  organisms together.
• 2. How do bacteria reproduce? Is it slow or
  fast?
• Binary fission, fast

27
Classification

• 3. Describe the structure of a virus. What
  characteristics do they share with a living
  thing?
• A virus is a nucleic acid that has a protective
  protein cover.
• Viruses like other living things contain nucleic
  acids (DNA or RNA)
• Ex vaccines help to prevent you from getting
  some viruses.
• Define prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
• Prokaryotic is a type of cell that lacks a
  nucleus.
• Eukaryotic is a type of cell that has a nucleus.

28
Classification

• Which kingdoms are prokaryotic?
• Bacteria Archaea
• 6. What is an antibody?
• Chemicals made by the body that help destroy
  viruses and harmful bacteria
• 7. Is the common cold caused by a bacteria or
  a virus?
• Virus
• 8. Do bacteria have a nucleus?
• No

29
Classification

• 9. What is the main difference between a plant
  and a fungi?
• The main difference between fungi and plants is
  that fungi are heterotrophs while plants are
  autotrophs.
• So fungi can NOT make their own food but plants
  can.

30
Also

• Be able to identify examples of niches, habitats
  and limiting factors
• Be able to read a pedigree and determine
  genotypes and identify carriers
• Be able to identify examples of the different
  types of selection like disruptive selection
• Know the basic parts of plants and their
  functions
• Be able to read and analyze different types of
  graphs tables