Warm Up-9

1
Warm Up-9

• 1. According to Freud why do we dream?
• 2. How do dreams help us grow cognitively?
• 3. In your own words, what is the
  Activation-Syntheses theory?
• 4. Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
• 5. Can anyone be hypnotized? Why or Why not?
• 6. In your own words explain Hilgards Hidden
  Observer
• 7. What is Posthypnotic Amnesia?
• 8. What is Posthypnotic Suggestion?

2
Altered Consciousness and Drugs

• Psychoactive Drug Any chemical substance that
  alters perceptions and mood.
• Three Basic Categories
• Depressants Downers calm neural activity and
  slow body functions
• Stimulants Uppers excite neural activity
• Hallucinogens distort perceptions and evoke
  sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

3
Why Do Drugs Mess People Up?

• No matter what type of drug from alcohol to
  cocaine, drugs work at the neurological level and
  at the brains synapses.
• Some drugs stimulate the release of certain
  neurotransmitters.
• Others mimic the activity of neurotransmitters
  (agonists)
• Others inhibit the release of neurotransmitters
  (antagonists)

4
Drugs and Social Expectations

• Drug experiences vary depending on the culture
  you are in.
• Often people act how they think they should act
  when on a certain drug.
• Ex Alcohol belief studies.

5
Depressants

• Alcohol suppresses parts of the brain that
  control judgment, inhibitions, and can seriously
  alter physical functioning in high doses
  (balance, memory, consciousness, death).
• Urges you feel when sober, you are more likely to
  act upon when drunk.
• Alcohol will increase any tendency you have
  whether it is harmful or helpful.

6
Depressants

• Barbiturates depress CNS and reduce anxiety but
  impair memory and judgment.
• Ex sleep aids, valium, special k,
  tranquilizers, etc.

7
Depressants

• Opiates opium and its derivatives, depress
  neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and
  anxiety.
• Ex morphine, heroin, opium.
• Opiates usually mimic endorphins causes massive
  craving and addiction because body stops
  producing its natural opiates.

8
Stimulants

• Wide variety of substances fall under the
  category of stimulants including
• Caffeine
• Nicotine
• Amphetamines (speed)
• Cocaine
• MDMA (Ecstacy)

9
Stimulants

• Speed up heart rate and breathing rates, often
  use to keep awake, lose weight, or to boost mood.
• All stimulants can become highly addictive and
  often come with a crash when high is over with.
  

10
Stimulants

• Cocaine powerful stimulant usually snorted or
  smoked that induces 15 to 30 minute rush.
  Crack produces even quicker and more intense high
  but lasts shorter period of time.
• Drug depletes the brains supply of dopamine,
  serotonin, and norepinephrine often causing
  depression. Also increases paranoia and
  increases risk of heart problems.
• May increase aggressive behaviors and causes
  extreme addiction.

11
Stimulants

• Methamphetamine (crystal meth, ice, speed).
  Causes large increases in alertness and may cause
  increase in energy and produce a euphoria.
• Often leads to extreme addiction, insomnia,
  nervousness, or even seizures.

12
Hallucinogens

• Also called psychedelics are drugs that produce
  false and heightened sensory experiences.
• Most well known hallucinogen is LSD (lysergic
  acid diethylamine) probably most powerful
  hallucinogen.
• Other examples include marijuana, peyote, and
  magic mushrooms,

13
Hallucinogens

• Marijuana consists of flowers and leaves from
  the hemp plant and when smoked or ingested acts
  as a mild hallucinogen.
• Relaxes,disinhibits, and impairs motor functions
  of individuals while at the same time amplifying
  sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and
  smells.
• Main active ingredientTHC

14
Hallucinogens

• In recent years, Marijuana has also been promoted
  for medical use.
• Advocates say that marijuana serves as relief for
  people suffering from intense pain, nausea, or
  that have trouble eating.
• Although the medical community is split on issue,
  most recognize the toxicity of the smoke is a
  definite drawback to using the drug medically.
• Marijuana also disrupts memory formation and may
  cause sexual dysfunctions.

15
General Concepts and Drugs

• Physical vs. Psychological Dependence
• Tolerance diminishing effect of drug with the
  same dose, requires user to take more to get same
  high.
• Withdrawal discomfort and distress associated
  with quitting the use of an addictive drug.

16
Influences on Drug Use

• Perception of the risk involved with a drug helps
  predict levels of use.

17
Influences on Drug Use

• Also evidence that there may be biological
  influences in drug use. Couple examples
• Identical twin with alcoholism other twin has
  increased risk.
• Molecular geneticists have found gene that is
  more common in people with alcoholism.

18
Influences on Drug Use

• Peer factor is perhaps most powerful.
• Family strength, religiousness, morality are near
  as big as predictors as whether or not peers use
  drugs. If your friends do drugs, odds are high
  that you may do them too.
• Why many addicts have to change their social
  networks in order to remain drug free.
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