Innovation Sites

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Innovation Sites

• Cultural Hearthsthat are not river valley sites

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River Valley Theory
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Early Civilizations
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Americas
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AmericasPhysical Map
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Mesoamerica
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Early People of MesoamericaHow do these dates
compare?

• 8000BCE-7000BCE earliest farming
• Beans, chili peppers, avocados, squash, gourds
• 4000BCE - Maize
• 3000BCE agricultural villages
• Domesticated animals included turkeys, dogs no
  draft animals, thus no wheeled vehicles
• 2000BCE
• elaborate ceremonial centers (pyramids, temples,
  palaces)

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Early Societies South America

• 12,000BCE hunters and gatherers into South
  America (deer, llama, alpaca)
• Mountainous and coastal regions
• Cool, moist climate provided natural harvests
  (squash, gourds, potatoes)
• 8,000BCE changing climate led to agriculture,
• 2500BCE 2000BCE first permanent settlements
  along coast
• Cultivated beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cotton
• Later settlements in the highlands
• 1000BCE some evidence of complex societies

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Important Geography Notes

• Climate mirror image
• Sub Saharan Development is different than
  Mediterranean Coast
• Limited Natural Harbors
• River travel is difficult cataracts, reversing
  and underground currents
• Uneven distribution of resources
• Soils for farming only adequate in certain areas

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Who were the earliest, innovative people of
Mesoamerica and ofSouth America?Is Gordon
Childes 10 point model supported by their
beginnings?
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Was there an innovative site of civilization?
What does the evidence suggest?Are they too,
a study in the 10 point model?
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Uncovering the mysterious beginnings of
Mesoamerica, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa

• 3500 BCE 600BCE

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What did we discover?

• What locations deserve the designation Innovative?

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AMERICAS
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Mesoamerican Legacy

• How do the archeological remains support our
  understanding (and justification) of the
  Mesoamerican innovative site?
• Which group is the innovative people?
• How would you organize the details into a
  coherent understanding of historical development
  for the area?
• Does the evidence pose problems for Childs 10
  point model?

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MESOAMERICA
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Olmecs

• Lowland Coast of the Gulf of Mexico
• Abundant rainfall no need for extensive
  irrigation, but
• elaborate drainage- chinampas, pot irrigation
• Slash and burn
• Elaborate temples, pyramids, stone sculptures,
  jade animal impressions, tombs
• Probably authoritarian
• Military Force local chiefs
• Elite classes in ceremonial center - cities

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Impact of Olmecs

• After 400BCE?
• No written records beyond calendar inscriptions
• Olmec traditions diffused
• (possibly through trade)
• Rituals, pyramids, calendar
• Heirs to the Olmecs

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Development of Teotihuacan
MESOAMERICA

• 500 BCE Valley of Mexico
• Lakes
• abundant supplies of fish, waterfowl as well as
  fresh water and opportunities for transportation
• Water channeled into fields for agriculture
• Thriving metropolis Very Urban
• temples, residential neighborhoods, busy markets,
  workshops
• Little written records paintings murals
• POSSIBLE Theocracy- pyramids

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Teotihuacan Society
MESOAMERICA

• CLASSES Priests, artisans, merchants,
  cultivators
• TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Obsidian tools, orange pottery
• TRADE Extensive networks throughout region
  possible colonial arrangements
• Little evidence of military or conquest
• Olmec cultural foundations
• writing, calendar, sacrifices
• Decline after 650CE purposefully burned

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Development of the Maya
MESOAMERICA

• 2000bce earliest evidence
• 300BCE Highlands of Guatemala fertile soil
• 300 900 CE Mesoamerican lowlands
• Terrace farming trapped silt from rivers
• Genuine cities developed into City state system
  (Tikal and Chichen Itza)
• 80 large ceremonial centers
• Continuous fighting -Human sacrifices
• Chichen Itza (900-1000CE) loosely organized empire

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Maya Society Religion
MESOAMERICA

• Social Classes (Large priestly class, Hereditary
  landowning noble class, Merchant class from
  nobles and ruling elite, Architects, artisans,
  peasant, slaves)
• INNOVATIONS/TRADITIONS
• Mathematical knowledge (concept of zero)
• Astronomy solar year -365.242
• Maya scribes hieroglyphics (history, poetry,
  myth, administration, astronomical records) only
  4 remain
• Creation story Popol Vuh

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Contact with Mesoamerica?
ANDEAN REGION

• South developed largely independently
• Geography discouraged contact
• Communication within Andean region difficult
• Several agricultural products and technologies
  diffused slowly
• Maize and squash to South America
• Gold, silver, copper metallurgy to Mesoamerica

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South America Andean Region

• Who is the innovative site?
• How, and why did they develop in this mountainous
  region?
• What major development center to our
  understanding contradicts the 10 point model?

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SIPAN, Moche Culture 1987
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Chavin Cult
ANDEAN REGION

• Development of agriculture ceremonial centers
  2000BCE in dry coastal regions
• Large populations served as stimulus for
  emergence of fertility cult
• Temple complexes, elaborate works of art
• Intricate stone carvings (jaguars, hawks, eagles,
  snakes)
• Weavers, metal craftsmen
• Increasing complexity 200BCE large cities
  (public buildings, extensive residential
  districts)

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Mochica State
ANDEAN REGION

• Valleys of Western Andes
• Complex society with considerable specialization
  of labor (300 700 CE)
• No writing system evidence through art
• Regional kingdom created through force
• Integrated economic zones (highlands, central
  valley and coastal regions) Vertical trade
• Highlands (potatoes, llama meat, alpaca wool)
• Central valley (maize, bean, squash)
• Coasts (fish, cotton)

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ANDEAN REGION
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Was there a civilization that developed
independently? How should we define urban?
Sub-Saharan Africa
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
EAST AFRICA Kingdom of Kush In Nubia Capital at
Meroe 1700BCE- 500 Kingdom of Aksum 4th cent BCE
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Kush Aksum
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Great Zimbabwe

• Sacred house
• Peak - late 11th Century (DISC. 19TH c)
• Questions surrounding ability to sustain sizeable
  population? (Trade)
• East African Connections

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AFRICA
Later development significantly influenced by
Trans-Saharan Trade and camel caravans
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Nok culture, city at Ife, Yoruba People
AFRICA

• Sahel Region
• 1000 BCE
• Strong cultural tradition
• Mythological cities?

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Jenne-Jeno

• Earliest settlement 3rd Century BCE
• Great interior floodplain of the Middle Niger,
• rich alluvial soil
• well-suited to the cultivation of rice
• worked iron, fashioning the metal into both
  jewelry and tools
• By 450 CE, over 60 acres
• Central inhabited area surrounded by a city wall
• 40 smaller additional settlements
• 13,000 inhabitants
• The archaeology of Jenne- jeno and the
  surrounding area show an early, indigenous growth
  of trade and social complexity. (Yet, lack of a
  state?)

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Why is this significant in the development of
Sub-Saharan Africa ?

• Predates Mediterranean and European outside
  influences!

http//www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/
imaps/AC_06_206_bantu/AC_06_206_bantu.html
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Migrations

• Language Group
• 1000BCE 1000CE
• Out of Central West Africa -to- South and East
• Diffusion of ideas, resources throughout Africa
• Iron Metallurgy
• Agricultural Knowledge
• Plantains, yams, bananas

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Bantu Migrations Significance to the modern era

• The Bantu - 2/3 of Africa's population, (south
  and east)
• language group not a distinct ethnic group.
• The most widely spoken Bantu-derived language is
  Swahili, which is used by up to 50 million
  speakers on the eastern coast of Africa.