RESURGENCE OF EMPIRE IN EAST ASIA

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RESURGENCE OF EMPIRE IN EAST ASIA

• CHINA UNDER THE SUI, TANG, AND SONG

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ANARCHY IN CHINA

• Three Kingdoms 220-280
• Shu Han 221 263
• Wei 220 - 265
• Most powerful, eventually conquered Shu
• Built an army of Chinese infantry and nomadic
  cavalry as mounted bowmen
• These assimilated nomads later overthrew Wei and
  founded own dynasties
• Wu 222 280
• Jin Dynasty 265-420
• Western Jin 265 316 and Eastern Jin 317 420
• Only time during interregnum when China was
  united
• Intermixture of nomads and Chinese accelerated
• Sixteen Kingdoms 304 420
• Southern and Northern Dynasties 420-589
• Southern Dynasties
• Liu Song 420 479
• Southern Qi 479 502
• Liang 502 - 557
• Chen 557 589
• Northern Dynasties

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BUDDHISM ARRIVES IN CHINA

• Foreign religions in China Nestorian, Muslim,
  Buddhist merchant communities
• Oases on the Silk Road were very mixed
• Became location for foreign settlements,
  transmission of foreign faiths to China
• Buddhism in China
• Attraction moral standards, intellectual
  sophistication, salvation, appeal to women, poor
• Monasteries became large landowners, helped the
  poor and needy
• Posed a challenge to Chinese cultural traditions
• Buddhism and Daoism
• Chinese monks explained Buddhist concepts in
  Daoist vocabulary
• Dharma as dao, and nirvana as wuwei
• Teaching one son in monastery would benefit
  whole family for 10 generations
• Mahayana Buddhism
• Buddhism blended with Chinese characteristics
• Buddha as a man became Buddha as a god, saint
• Stupa became a pagoda Buddha became fat or
  feminine
• Chan Buddhism
• A further evolution of Buddhism
• Chan (or Zen in Japanese) was a popular Buddhist
  sect
• Emphasized intuition and sudden flashes of
  insight

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SUI DYNASTY

• After fall of the Han, turmoil lasted for more
  than 350 years
• Three major states contended for rule further
  fragmentation
• Nomads constantly invaded, created their own
  states, dynasties
• The rule of the Sui
• Reunification by Yang Jian in 589
• Constructions of palaces and granaries, repairing
  the Great Wall
• Military expeditions in central Asia and Korea
• High taxes and compulsory labor services
• The Grand Canal
• One of the world's largest waterworks before
  modern times
• Purpose bring abundant food supplies of the
  south to the north
• Linked the Yangtze and the Huang-Hi
• The canal integrated the economies of the south
  and north
• The fall of the Sui
• High taxes and forced labor generated hostility
  among the people
• Military reverses in Korea
• Rebellions broke out in north China beginning in
  610
• Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618, the end of
  the dynasty

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IMAGES OF SUI CHINA
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THE TANG DYNASTY

• Founding of the Tang Dynasty (618 907 CE)
• A rebel leader seized Chang'an, proclaimed a new
  dynasty, the Tang
• Tang Taizong
• 2nd Tang emperor, a ruthless but extremely
  competent ruler
• China enjoyed an era of unusual stability and
  prosperity
• Extensive networks of transportation and
  communications
• Adopted the equal-field system
• Bureaucracy of merit
• Recruited government officials through civil
  service examinations
• Career bureaucrats relied on central government,
  loyal to the dynasty
• Restored Confucianism as state ideology, training
  for bureaucrats
• Foreign relations
• Political theory China was the Middle Kingdom,
  or the center of civilization
• Tributary system became diplomatic policy
• Tang decline
• Casual and careless leadership led to dynastic
  crisis
• Rebellion of An Lushan in 755, weakened the
  dynasty
• The Uighurs became de facto rulers
• The equal-field system deteriorated

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TANG CHINA
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TANG ART
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SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.)

• Song Taizu
• Reigned 960-976 C.E.
• Founder of the Song dynasty
• Song weaknesses
• Song never had military, diplomatic strength of
  Sui, Tang
• Financial problems
• Enormous bureaucracy with high salary devoured
  surplus
• Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to avoid
  war
• Military problems
• Civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces
• Military was largely foot soldiers at war with
  cavalry nomads
• External pressures
• Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in
  north
• Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to
  nomads
• The Song moved to the south, ruled south China
  until 1279
• Nomads invaded, overran northern Song lands
• Song retreated to the South along Yangtze, moved
  capital
• After defeat, constantly forced to pay tribute

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THE SONG WORLDNORTHERN AND SOUTHERNDYNASTIES
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THE SONG ARTISTIC WORLD
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DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS

• An agricultural revolution
• Twice flowering, fast-ripening rice increased
  food supplies
• New agricultural techniques increased production
• Population growth
• 45 to 115 million inhabitants
• Between 600 and 1200 C.E.
• Urbanization China most urbanized country in
  period
• Chang'an had about 2 million residents
• Hangzhou had about 1 million residents
• Many cities boasted population of 100,000 or more
  
• Commercialized agriculture
• Some regions depended on other regions for food
• Extreme surplus of southern rice allowed cities
  to flourish
• Necessitate vast grain shipments to cities

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CHANG-AN HANGZHOU
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NEO-CONFUCIANISM

• Taoist, Buddhist Synthesis with Confucianism
• Early Confucianism focused on practical issues
• Politics, Public Morality, Social Relationships
• Confucians drew inspiration
• From Buddhism Spirituality
• Logical thought
• Argumentation of Buddhism
• From Taoism Cosmology
• Metaphysical issues nature of soul
• Man's relation with cosmos
• Xenophobia Contributes, too
• Invasions by nomads, Turks and Mongols threatened
  state
• Foreign ideas began to circulate
• Too many threats to society, traditions
• Zhu Xi (1130-1200 C.E.), most prominent
  Neo-Confucian scholar
• Neo-Confucian influence
• Adapted Buddhist, Taoist themes, reasoning to
  Confucian interests
• Made Buddhism Chinese but stressed Chinese roots,
  values
• Influenced East Asian thought

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PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY

• Developments reinforced patriarchal society
• Chinese reaction to foreign ideas
• Reaction to Buddhists gender equality
• Neo-Confucianism emphasized patriarchy
• Ancestor worship revived
• Preserving of family
• Family wealth became paramount
• Results
• Tightening of patriarchal structure
• Reinforcing of male domination
• Foot binding gained popularity during the Song
• Emphasized dependence of women on men, home
• Wealthy, aristocrats could afford practice, hire
  servants to do work
• Feet of women broken, reformed around stilts
• Women could not walk without pain but had to
  shuffle
• Forced women to remain at home, dependent on
  others
• Male sense of beauty at womens expense
• Poor, peasant women not subject to footbinding
• Women had to work with men to support family

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TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY

• Porcelain
• High quality porcelain since the Tang, known as
  chinaware
• Technology diffused to other societies,
  especially to Abbasid Arabia
• Exported vast quantities to southeast Asia,
  India, Persia, and Africa
• Metallurgy
• Improvement used coke instead of coal in
  furnaces to make iron, steel
• Iron production increased tenfold between the
  early 9th and 12th century
• Gunpowder
• Discovered by Daoist alchemists during the Tang
• Bamboo "fire lances," a kind of flame thrower,
  and primitive bombs
• Gunpowder chemistry diffused throughout Eurasia
• Printing
• Became common during the Tang
• From block-printing to movable type
• Books became widespread
• Naval technology
• "South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass
• Double hulled junks with rudder, water-tight
  compartments

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SONG LIFE
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A MARKET ECONOMY

• Merchants in Charge
• Only period in China where merchants socially
  superior to aristocrats
• Merchants attempted to intermarry with
  aristocrats, become landowners
• Merchants attempted to have sons admitted as
  Confucian bureaucrats
• Merchants tended to espouse Confucianism as way
  into traditional elites
• Most large cities had large merchant communities
• Financial instruments
• Banking and credit institution
• Flying money " were letters of credit
• Paper money backed by state, treasury
• A cosmopolitan society
• Foreign merchants in large cities of China
• Mostly Arab (Muslim), Indian, S.E. Asian
• Chinese merchants journeyed throughout region
• Economic surge in China
• An economic revolution in China
• Made China the wealthiest nation in the world at
  time
• Promoted economic growth in the eastern
  hemisphere