SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON

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SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS GUIDED BY SUBMITTED BY ANSHU
TOSHNIWAL JAIDEEP JANGIR
http//powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com
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CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• ARCHITECTURE
• PROTOCOLS
• ROUTING
• APPLICATIONS
• TOPOLOGY
• TYPES OF SENSORS

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INTRODUCTION

• WSN are used to collect data from the
  environment.
• They consists of large number of sensor nodes and
  one or more Base Stations.
• The nodes in the network are connected via
  Wireless communication channels.
• Each node has capability to sense data, process
  the data and send it to rest of the nodes or to
  Base Station.
• These networks are limited by the node battery
  lifetime.

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ADVANTAGES

• It avoid lot of wiring.
• It can accommodate new devices at any time.
• Its flexible to go through physical partitions.
• It can be accessed through a centralised monitor.

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DISADVANTAGES

• It is very easy for hackers to hack it as we cant
  control propagation of waves.
• Comparitively low speed of communications.
• Gets distracted by various elements like
  Blue-tooth.
• Still costly at large.

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WSN ARCHITECTURE
Sensor Node
Gateway
Base Station
Wireless Sensor Network Architecture
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Sensor node functionality

• Each sensor node contains a computational module
  (a programmable unit) which provides computation
  ability, storage, and bidirectional communication
  with other nodes in the system
• Two advantages
• They can be re-task in the field
• Easily communicate with the rest of the network

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Gateway

• Each sensor patch contains a gateway node
• Each gateway node can communicate with the sensor
  network and provides connectivity to the transit
  network

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Transit Network

• Can consist of a single hop link or a series of
  networked wireless nodes
• Each transit network design has different
  characteristics
• Robustness
• Bandwidth
• Energy efficiency
• Cost
• Manageability

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Base Station

• Data storage for the collection of sensor patches
• WAN connectivity will be wireless
• Base-Remote link connection to the internet

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WSN PROTOCOLS

• Wireless sensor network routing protocols can be
  classified into following categories.
• Direct communication
• Flat protocols (Multihop)
• Hierarchical Routing Protocols

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ROUTING MECHANISM
Multihop Routing
Direct Communication
Hierarchical Routing
Cluster Head
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Applications of WSN

• Environmental/Habitat monitoring
• Acoustic detection
• Seismic Detection
• Military surveillance
• Inventory tracking
• Medical monitoring
• Process Monitoring

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Network Topology

• A communication network is composed of nodes,
  each of which has computing power and can
  transmit and receive messages over communication
  links.
• The basic network topologies are
• Fully connected networks
• Mesh networks
• Star networks
• Ring networks

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TOPOLOGIES
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Communication Protocols

• Headers.
• Each message generally has a header identifying
  its source node, destination node, length of the
  data field, and other information.
• This is used by the nodes in proper routing of
  the message. In encoded messages, parity bits may
  be included.
• In packet routing networks, each message is
  broken into packets of fixed length.
• The packets are transmitted separately through
  the network and then reassembled at the
  destination.

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Switching

• Most computer networks use a store-and-forward
  switching technique to control the flow of
  information.
• Each time a packet reaches a node, it is
  completely buffered in local memory, and
  transmitted as a whole.
• Switching techniques
• Wormhole Technique- It splits the message into
  smaller units known as flow control units or
  flits. The header flit determines the route. As
  the header is routed, the remaining flits follow
  it in pipeline fashion
• Virtual-cut-through Technique- when the header
  arrives at a node, it is routed without waiting
  for the rest of the packet.

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Routing

• There may be multiple paths from the source to
  the destination. Therefore, message routing plays
  an important role.
• The main performance measures affected by the
  routing scheme are throughput (quantity of
  service) and average packet delay (quality of
  service).
• Types of Routing Schemes
• Token Ring
• Fixed routing schemes
• Adaptive routing schemes

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Power Management

• NEED - With the advent of ad hoc networks of
  geographically distributed sensors in remote site
  environments (e.g. sensors dropped from aircraft
  for personnel/vehicle surveillance)
• Power management is employed to increase the
  lifetimes of sensor nodes.
• Current research is in designing small MEMS
  (microelectromechanical systems) RF components
  for transceivers, including capacitors,
  inductors, etc.
• RF-ID (RF identification) devices are transponder
  microcircuits having an L-C tank circuit that
  stores power from received interrogation signals,
  and then uses that power to transmit a response.

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Hierarchical clustering
observer

• The essential operation in sensor node clustering
  is to
• Select a set of cluster heads among the nodes in
  the network.
• Cluster the rest of the nodes with these heads.
• Cluster heads are responsible for
• Coordination among the nodes within their
  clusters (intra-cluster coordination).
• Communication with each other and/or with
  external observers on behalf of their clusters
  (inter-cluster communication).

CH
CH
CH
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Topology management

• Cell-based approach

Cluster-based approach
observer
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TYPES OF SENSORS

• Mechanical Sensors
• The Piezoresistive Effect
• The Piezoelectric Effect
• Capacitive Sensors
• Inductive sensors
• Optical Transducers
• Photoelectric effect
• Photoconductive sensors
• Junction-based photosensors

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Cont

• Magnetic and Electromagnetic Sensors
• Magnetoresistive effect
• Magnetic Field Sensors
• Thermal Sensors
• Thermo-Mechanical Transduction
• Thermoresistive Effects
• Thermocouples

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CONCLUSION

• The emergence of wireless sensor networks can
  finally bridge the gap between physical and
  digital worlds, with the effect as if to
  establish nervous system for the physical world.
• It also allows measurement and monitoring in the
  way that is much closer to the phenomenon than
  ever before, resulting in continuous and high
  fidelity of data collected.

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Future Scope

• Wireless sensor network has the potential to
  trigger the next revolution in computing. While
  its applications and potential benefits can
  spread far and beyond, and could finally break
  the barrier between physical and digital worlds
  to allow disappearance of computation.

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THANK YOU