The Cold War

1
The Cold War

• Mr. Thomas SotharsDe Smet Jesuit HS

2
Iron Curtain Speech
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across
the continent."
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vjvax5VUvjWQ
3
Marshall Plan

• Massive aid program to rebuild Europe from World
  War II.
• 12.5 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe from
  1948 to 1952.
• The Soviet Union and communist Eastern Europe
  decline U.S. aid, citing "dollar enslavement."

4
Truman Doctrine 1947

• Greece and Turkey in danger of falling to
  communists
• Truman requested 400 million from Congress in
  aid to both countries.
• Successful effort

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Containment PolicyDomino Theory

• Many newly independent states, preferred
  socialism to capitalism which was the system of
  their imperialist captors
• THUS US policy became contain communism
• LATERDOMINO THEORY
• - if one goes, they will all go down (Vietnam)

6
COMPETITION

• US and USSR fight to add countries to their
  influence gave out loans, grants and arms to
  countries that followed them.
• Eastern Europe (USSR) vs. W. Europe (US)
• USSR had strong recovery at first, but then
  bureaucracy made it less efficient USSR gap in
  consumer goods widened

7
COMPETITION EXAMPLES

• NATO vs. WARSAW PACT
• SPACE RACE (see later)
• CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (USSR vs. US)

8
Berlin Airlift

• Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, 48
• From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British
  planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to
  residents of West Berlin.
• After 200,000 flights, USSR lifts blockade.

9
1949 Fall of China

• In June, Jiang Jieshi defeated by Mao
• Flee to island of Taiwan
• Mao proclaims Peoples Republic of China (PRC)
• Two months later, Mao travels to Moscow,
• negotiates the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,
  Alliance and Mutual Assistance.

10
Cuban Missile Crisis

• Castro comes to power communism 90 miles away!
• U2 spy planes see Cuban missile sites
• Kennedy demands no missiles
• TENSE standoff

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Korean War, 1950-1953

• N. Korea communists cross 38th parallel into S.
  Korea.
• US helps S. Koreans and China supports the North
  
• The U.N. Security Council condemns the invasion
  and starts fighting w 15 nationsSoviets not at
  veto meeting
• MacArthur to fight them to the 38th he goes
  further!
• Chinese threatened chase them back across 38th
• Cease fire eventually brings war to close by 1953
  stays the same!

12
Vietnam War

• Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh in N. Vietnam
• S. Vietnam had Ngo Dinh Diem dictator and
  communist group called Vietcong try to rebel in
  South
• The United States assumes the chief
  responsibility of providing anti-communist aid to
  South Vietnam.
• US decides to get involved after Gulf of Tonkin
  incident!

13
1964 - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• N. Vietnamese patrol boats fired on the USS
  Mattox
• U.S. Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin
  Resolution, granting President Johnson authority
  to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam.

14
Vietnam

• Support for Vietcong grows in S. Vietnam with
  help from N., USSR and China
• US begins air bombing whos the enemy?
• Protests Vietnamization by Nixon.get out of
  war, but then bomb Laos and Cambodia (hiding
  places)
• US left, N. overran S.

15
Sputnik

• On October 4, the Soviet Union launches Sputnik,
  the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth.
• In 1958, the U.S. creates NASA and the space race
  is in full gear.

16
1961 - Berlin Wall

• On August 15, communist authorities begin
  construction on the Berlin Wall to prevent East
  Germans from fleeing to West Berlin.

17
JFK in Berlin
http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?story
Id5359589
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1968 - Prague Spring

• On January 5, reformer Alexander Dubcek became
  leader of Communist Party in Czechoslovakia,
  pledging reforms democratization
• The Prague Spring movement swept across the
  country.
• Soviet and Warsaw Pact leaders sent 650,000
  troops in August.
• Dubcek arrested and hard-liners restored to
  power.

19
1969 SALT I and II

• On November 17, the 1st phase of Strategic Arms
  Limitation Talks began in Helsinki, Finland.
• The finished agreement, signed in Moscow on May
  26, 1972, placed limits on both
  submarine-launched and intercontinental nuclear
  missiles.

20
1972 Nixon visits China

• Nixon becomes the first U.S. president to visit
  China, meeting with Mao Tse-tung on February 21.
• The rapprochement changes the balance of power
  with the Soviets.

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DETENTE

• Thawing of cold wardétente (lessoning of cold
  war tensions) replaced brinkmanship
• NIXONVisits China, SALT agreement

22
1975 - Cambodia
The Killing Fields

• Communist Khmer Rouge take power in Cambodia,
  April 16 1975.
• Cambodia's educated and urban population forced
  into the countryside as part of a state
  experiment in agrarian communism.
• Under the regime of Pol Pot, as many as 3 million
  Cambodians died from 1975 to 1979.

23
1979 - Afghanistan

• December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded
  Afghanistan to bring it into Soviet sphere.
• U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters
  (mujahideen) waged a costly war against the
  Soviets for nearly a decade before Soviet troops
  withdraw in 1988.
• Afghanistanthe Soviet Vietnam
• Battle for who will rule Taliban the victor!

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COLLAPSE OF DETENTE

• Ronald Reagan in 1981
• Anti-Communist increased defense spending, sees
  USSR as evil empire
• Star Wars
• Initiates the Contras
• BUT NEW LEADERSHIP IN USSR changes things!

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1983 - Star Wars

• Reagan outlined his Strategic Defense Initiative,
  or "Star Wars," a space-based defensive shield
  that would use lasers and other advanced
  technology to destroy attacking missiles far
  above the Earth's surface.
• Soviets accuse the U.S of violating the 1972
  Antiballistic Missile Treaty.
• Soviets forced to spend heavily to match the
  program causing near economic collapse.

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1985 - Gorbachev comes to power

• On March 11, Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in
  the Soviet Union.
• Gorbachev ushered in an era of reform.
• perestroika
• Economic reform- restructuring
• glasnost
• means openness, allowed greater free expression
  and criticism of Soviet policies

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1989 - Berlin Wall falls

• Gorbachev renounced the Brezhnev Doctrine, which
  pledged to use Soviet force to protect its
  interests in Eastern Europe.
• On September 10, Hungary opened its border with
  Austria, allowing East Germans to flee to the
  West.
• After massive public demonstrations in East
  Germany and Eastern Europe, the Berlin Wall fell
  on November 9.

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Fall of Berlin Wall
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(No Transcript)
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1990 German unification

• At a September 12 meeting in Moscow, the United
  States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and
  the two Germanys agreed to end Allied occupation
  rights in Germany.
• On October 3, East and West Germany united as the
  Federal Republic of Germany.

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1991 Soviet Union breaks up

• Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and other states
  become independent

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POST COLD WAR

• Yugoslavias religious conflicts- breaks up
• Serbian Christians of Bosnia attempt to rid the
  state of Muslims example of ETHNIC CLEANSING
• New global cooperation EEC with Britain
• NGOs (Amnesty International, Doctors Without
  Borders) to help global suffering
• Multinational companies control culture