The Beginning of the Cold War

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The Beginning of the Cold War

• Post World War II

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Yalta Conference

• February 1945

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The Cold War1945-1989

• Constant global confrontation between the Soviet
  Union and United States.
• Avoidance of direct armed conflict between the
  two Superpowers.

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The Iron Curtain

• Winston Churchill
• Speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri
  on March 5, 1946.
• An iron curtain has descended across the
  Continent.
• Describes Soviet sphere of influence and control
  in eastern Europe.

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The Cold War
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End of World War II

• United Nations established.
• Security Council - Veto power for permanent
  members.
• General Assembly.
• MacArthur commands U.S. army of occupation in
  Japan.
• U.S., Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union
  divide Germany into zones of occupation.
• Federal Republic of (West) Germany - 1949.
• U.S. initially enjoys atomic bomb monopoly.
• Neglect of conventional military forces begins.
• Communist control of Eastern Europe.
• Puppet states dominated by the Soviet Union.

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Containment of Communism

• Pacific
• China - Civil War between Communists and
  Nationalists.
• Leaders Mao Tse Tung and Chiang Kai Shek.
• Japanese Constitution adopted - relies on U.S.
  for defense.
• Europe
• Communist threat to Turkey and Greece.
• Great Britain unable to supply enough aid.
• Truman Doctrine - March 1947
• I believe that it must be the policy of the
  United States to support free peoples who are
  resisting attempted subjugation by armed
  minorities or outside pressure.
• Economic and Military aid to Greece and Turkey.
• Non-communist governments secured.

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Containment

• Marshall Plan - June 1947
• U.S. economic aid to rebuild western Europe.
• George Kennan's "X Article" in Foreign Affairs,
  July 1947
• Enunciated the theory of containment of
  communism.
• Official U.S. doctrine and policy by 1950.
• Berlin Airlift June 1948 - May 1949.
• Communist Coup in Czechoslovakia - February 1948.
• 1949 - Chinese Nationalists evacuate to Formosa.
• Communist Peoples Republic established on
  mainland China under Mao.
• Pact signed with Soviet Union.
• U.S. supports Chiangs Nationalist government on
  Formosa (Taiwan) as legitimate government of
  China.

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NATONorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Established in 1949.
• Military Alliance between U.S., Canada, and
  western Europe with a formal command structure.
• Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (Brussels,
  Belgium)
• U.S. Commander in Chief, European Command
• Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic (Norfolk,
  Virginia)
• U.S. Commander in Chief, Atlantic Command
• Warsaw Pact established by the Soviet Union to
  counter NATO in 1955 - includes eastern European
  communist states.

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Unified Commands
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National Security Act of 1947

• National Military Establishment
• Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• Secretary of Defense on Presidents Cabinet.
• Unified Commanders established in geographic
  areas.
• Central Intelligence Agency and National Security
  Agency.
• Joint Chiefs of Staff direct military operations.
• Effects on Navy and Marine Corps
• Preserves naval aviation and the Marine Corps.
• Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal becomes
  Secretary of Defense.
• Defense Reorganization Act - 1949 Department of
  Defense
• Strengthens Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson
  replaces Forrestal.