Objectives

1
Objectives
List the key structures of the brain and describe
the role of neurons in communication within the
brain.
Explain the differences between mental health and
mental illness and list some effects of mental
illness on physical health.
Name the major mental illnesses and their
characteristic symptoms.
2
Chapter 4 Objectives
Discuss some of the factors that may lead to
suicide, as well as strategies for prevention.
Describe the treatment options available for
those with psychological problems.
Name the option you will consider if you have a
mental health problem, and describe the reasons
for your choice.
3
Are Mens and Womens Brains Different?

• Men
• Have bigger brains.
• Have eyes which are more sensitive to bright
  light.
• Retain ability to see well at long distances
  longer in life.
• Loses brain tissue more rapidly than women.

• Women
• Use more neurons.
• Hears a broader range of sounds.
• Hearing remains sharper, longer.
• Responds more intensely to emotions.

The Bottom Line Neither genders brain is
better.
4
The Mentally Well Individual
Establishes and maintains close relationships
Perceives reality as it is
Carries out responsibilities
MENTALLY HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL
Feels a sense of fulfillment in daily living
Values himself/herself
Accepts own limitations and possibilities
Pursues work that suits talents and training
Fig. 4-3, p. 84
5
What is a Mental Disorder?

• A behavioral or
• psychological syndrome
• associated with distress
• or disability with a
• significantly increased
• risk of suffering death,
• pain, disability, or loss
• of freedom.

6
(No Transcript)
7
Gender and Depression

• Depression is twice as common in females versus
  males, but male depression is an under disease
• underdiscussed, underrecognized,
  underdiagnosed, and undertreated.
• Factors Contributing to Depression
• Genes, brain chemistry, sex hormones,
• childhood abuse, chronic stress, divorce, job
• loss, or career setbacks.

8
Major DepressionCharacteristic Symptoms

• Feeling depressed
• Loss of interest
• Eating more or less
• Having trouble sleeping
• Feeling slowed down
• Lack of energy
• Feeling helpless
• Difficulty concentrating

• Difficulty thinking clearly
• Persistent thoughts of death
• Withdrawal from others
• Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains

9
Depressive DisordersTreatments

• Psychotherapy
• Cognitive-behavior therapy
• Interpersonal therapy
• Medications
• Antidepressants
• Exercise
• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

10
Bipolar DisorderManic Depression

• Characteristics
• Mood swings that take individuals from manic
  states of feeling euphoric and energetic to
  depressive states of utter despair.
• Involves mood swings, changes in thinking,
  changes in behavior, and changes in physical
  condition.

• Treatment
• Mood-stabilizing medications
• Psychotherapy

11
Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
12
Anxiety DisordersPhobias

• Definition
• An anxiety disorder masked
• by an inordinate fear of an object, a class of
  objects,
• or a situation, resulting in
• extreme avoidance
• behaviors.
• Common Phobias
• Involve animals (dogs, snakes, insects, and
  mice) sight of blood claustrophobia,
  acrophobia and agoraphobia.

• Treatment
• Behavior therapy
• including systematic
• desensitization.

13
Anxiety DisordersPanic Attacks and Panic Disorder

• Panic Attack
• A short episode characterized by physical
  sensations of lightheadedness, dizziness,
  hyperventilation, and numbness of extremities,
  accompanied by an inexplicable terror, usually of
  a physical disaster such as death.

• Panic Disorder
• An anxiety disorder in which the apprehension or
  experience of recurring panic attacks is so
  intense that normal functioning is impaired.

14
Anxiety DisordersGeneralized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD)

• Definition
• An anxiety disorder
• characterized as chronic
• distress.
• Common Symptoms
• Faster heart rate, sweating,
• increased blood pressure,
• muscle aches, intestinal
• pains, irritability, sleep
• problems, and difficulty
• concentrating.

• Treatment
• Psychotherapy.
• Behavioral therapy.
• Antianxiety drugs.

15
Anxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD)

• Definition
• An anxiety disorder
• characterized by
• obsessions and/or
• compulsions that impair
• ones ability to function and
• form relationships.

• Obsession
• A recurring idea, thought or
• image.
• Compulsion
• Repetitive behavior performed according to
  certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion
• Treatment
• Cognitive therapy
• Behavioral therapy
• Medications

16
Attention DisordersAttention Deficit/Hyperactivit
y Disorder (ADHD)

• Definition
• A spectrum of difficulties in controlling motion
  and sustaining attention, including
  hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility.
• Potential Complications
• Academic difficulties, poor concentration,
  difficulty making decisions, relationship
  difficulties, sleep problems, increased risk of
  depression, anxiety disorders and substance
  abuse.

• Treatments
• Medications
• Stimulants
• Ritalin
• Nonstimulants
• Strattera
• Psychotherapy

17
Schizophrenia
Symptoms Hallucinations delusions inability to think in a logical manner talking in rambling or incoherent ways making odd or purposeless movements mimicking gesture or words showing few, if any, emotions lacking will or motivation and functioning at a much lower level.
Causes Failure in brain development early in life and genetics. Not due to upbringing, social conditions, or traumatic experience.
Treatment Antipsychotic medications
18
(No Transcript)
19
What Leads to Suicide?
Mental Disorders
Antidepressant Medications
Substance Abuse
Hopelessness
Family History
Physical Illness
Brain Chemistry
Access to Guns
Life Crises
20
Suicide Prevention

• Encourage your friend to talk.
• Dont offer trite reassurances.
• Suggest solutions or alternatives to problems.
• Dont be afraid to ask whether your friend has
  considered suicide.
• Dont think that people who talk about killing
  themselves never carry out their threat.

21
Types of Therapists
Psychiatrists Licensed medical doctor with additional training n psychotherapy, psychopharmacology, and treatment of mental disorders.
22
Types of Therapists
Psychologists Mental health-care professionals who have completed doctoral or graduate programs in psychology and are trained in a variety of psychotherapeutic techniques, but who are not medically trained and so not prescribe medications.
23
Types of Therapists
Certified Social Workers A person who has completed a two-year graduate program in counseling people with mental problems.
24
Types of Therapists
Psychiatric Nurses A nurse with special training and experience in mental health care.
25
Types of Therapists
Marriage and Family Therapists A psychiatrist, psychologist, or social worker who specializes in marriage and family counseling.
26
Types of Therapy
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Psychiatric Drugs
Alternative Mind-Mood Products
27
Surviving and Thriving

• Accept yourself.
• Respect yourself.
• Trust yourself.
• Love yourself.
• Stretch yourself.
• Look at challenges as opportunities for personal
  growth.
• Think not only where but also who you want to be
  a decade from now.