Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems

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Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems

• Topic 1
• A World of Water
• Read Pages 364 - 374

Remember to name and date your notes!
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• Scientists believe that life cannot exist without
  water
• Salt water high salt content like oceans and
  seas about 97 of the earths water is salt
  water.
• Fresh water lakes, rivers, ponds, and wells.

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• Each cell in our bodies need water to survive.
• 65 of body mass is water
• Watermelon 98 water
• Lettuce/tomato 95 water
• Chicken/banana 75 water
• Bread 35 water

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• To maintain body temp. of 37oC you give off water
  in form of sweat. Also lose water when you give
  off wastes.
• You must replace this water and consume about 2.5
  L of water daily.

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• Water is always on the move. Evaporation
  condensation produce the water cycle controls
  the distribution of earths water as it
  evaporates from bodies of water, condenses,
  precipitates, and returns to those bodies of
  water.

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Water Cycle
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• Water evaporates from earths bodies of water
  into vapour in the atmosphere. Vapour cools,
  condenses, and turns into clouds. Clouds release
  water in forms of rain and snow.

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• The sun drives the water cycle. About 520 000km3
  of water evaporates in a year.
• 78 of precipitation falls back into oceans.

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• About 75 of the earths fresh drinking water is
  tied up in glaciers _at_ the north and south poles
  and mountain tops.

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Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems

• Topic 2
• Earths Frozen Water
• Read Pages 375 - 387

Remember to name and date your notes!
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• Ice covers about 10 of earth.
• Ice locks up 75 of earths fresh water supply.
• Glacier moving mass of ice and snow. Snow
  doesnt melt and piles up on itself, increasing
  pressure and creating ice.

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Banff
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• Ice cap a glacier that forms on level land and
  flow outward from its centre.
• Icefield upland area of ice that feeds two or
  more glaciers.

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• Glacial Forming
• Snowflakes gt snow grains gt ice crystals gt ice.

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• Valley Glacier a glacier that forms in a
  mountain range.
• It stays cool enough in mountains that snow does
  not melt.

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• Continental Glacier huge mass of ice and snow.
  Occur mostly in the N and S Poles in Greenland
  and Antarctica.
• These are so thick that they almost bury mountain
  ranges.

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• Icefall glacier flows over a cliff and breaks
  up.

Shasta Icefall
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• Crevasse a crack in the ice.

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• Icebergs large chunks of ice that break loose
  from continental glaciers.
• Calve when ice breaks loose from a glacier.

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• As glaciers move, or melt and re-freeze, cracks
  are formed and rocks are moved. This is called
  erosion.
• Striations parallel scars or scratches formed by
  rocks and sound which are dragged by the glacier.

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• Cirque bowl shaped basin.
• Arete A ridge.
• Horn sharpened peak.

Arete
Cirque
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• The Importance of Glaciers
• Gradually release water during summer
• Feed river systems of prairies
• Helps hydroelectric plants, irrigate crops, water
  cattle, supply drinking water

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• Major periods of cooling on earth are called Ice
  Ages.
• Glaciers covered as much as 28 of the land.
• 120000 years ago until only 11000 years ago.

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• Why Do Ice Ages Happen?
• Reduction in energy given off by sun.
• Volcanoes cause dust in atmosphere.
• Mountain formation leads to more snow on peaks
  which reflects sunlight.
• (These are only theories)

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Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems

• Topic 3
• Fresh Water Systems
• Read Pages 390 - 408

Remember to name and date your notes!
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• Fresh water systems exist above (surface water)
  and below ground (groundwater).
• Lakes and ponds large holes in the ground
  filled with standing water.
• In a pond, sunlight reaches the bottom.

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• Wetlands in a low area of land and is saturated
  with water all or most of the time.
• Marshes are shallow wetlands (less than 1 m.)

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• Streams and Rivers are both fast flowing
  waterways.
• Fast flowing waters are usually oxygen rich which
  fish and other animals need to survive.

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• Water is always on the move.
• A watershed, or drainage basin, is the area of
  land that drains into a body of water.
• When water hits the ground it either sinks into
  the ground, evaporates, or flows downhill this
  is called run-off.

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Watershed
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• Factors affecting whether rain runs-off or is
  soaked up.
• Amount of rain
• Time it takes to fall
• Slope of the land
• Amount of vegetation (plants also limit the
  amount of erosion of soil.)

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• Rivers and streams flow and pick up sediment as
  they flow. When they reach a level area of land,
  the river slows and deposits its materialscalled
  deposition.
• Erosion and deposition help shape the landscape.

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• Sediment is measured and classified depending on
  whether it is
• Suspended in water
• Rolling/bouncing on bottom
• Stationary on riverbed
• This helps give an idea of the strength of the
  river flow.

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• Why Monitor River and Streamflow?
• Scientists monitor how much water runs past a
  certain point over a period of years.
• Helps to analyze water quality, quantity, as well
  as when floods may occur.

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• Also helps scientists predict drought conditions,
  design irrigation and drainage projectrs.

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• Why Monitor Sediment?
• Toxic chemicals can attach
• Cause death/abnormalities to fish
• Increase sediment can make navigation
  hard/impossible.
• Sediment can block delivery of water.

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• Wells and Springs
• Wells are made by drilling through soil and rock
  to a point below the water table. (layer of
  porous rock in which all pores are full of water)
  Water is pumped up to the surface.

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• Groundwater Contamination
• Any undesirable materials in groundwater, caused
  by human activity, is called contamination.

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• Albertas Water Dilemma
• Too much water in large flowing rivers of N.
  Alberta. erode agricultural land.
• Some river channels are close to drying up due to
  agricultural, municipal, and industrial demand.

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• Many people, especially in S. Alberta where there
  is a higher population, use irrigation canals
  help conserve limited water resources. These
  canals trap rainfall.

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• Too Much Water
• Dams are built to control floods and irrigation,
  supply water to cities, generate
  hydroelectricity.

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Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems

• Topic 4
• The Oceans
• Read Pages 410 - 429

Remember to name and date your notes!
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• The ocean is always moving.
• Oceans affect weather
• Oceans provide food, oils, gases, and minerals.
• We transport across oceans.
• Oceans cover over 66 of the planet.

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• Ocean water is salty!
• 1000g of seawater contains 35g of salt on
  average.
• 35 PPT Parts Per Thousand
• Salinity measure of the amount of salts
  dissolved in a liquid.

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• Salts in the ocean come from rivers and
  groundwater flowing over rocks, picking up salts,
  and carrying them to the ocean.
• When volcanoes release lava and gas on the sea
  floor, sulfur and chlorine are added to water.

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• Whats On the Ocean Floor?
• Large mountain ranges, deep valleys, vast plains.
• These features are a result of tectonic plates,
  not wind, rain, and rivers as we see on earth.

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• Ocean ridges youngest part of ocean floor and
  are formed by eruptions.
• Lava flows from these ridges and quickly hardens.
• Can be 1000km wide and 1000-3000 m high.

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• Trenches formed where an ocean plate meets a
  continental plate. The ocean plate is forced
  below.

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• Abyssal Plains wide, open plains between
  mountains and trenches.
• Continental Shelf slope gradually away from the
  land before dropping steeply downward at the
  shelf edge.

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• Continental Slope from the edge of the shelf,
  the slope plunges at a steep angle to the ocean
  floor.

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• Ocean Waves
• Just large ripples, set in motion by steady
  winds.
• Smooth waves are called swells.

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• Parts of Waves
• Crest highest part
• Trough lowest part
• Wavelength distance from one crest to the next.
• Speed of motion time for one wave to pass a
  given point.

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• Breaker wave collapses on shore in a tumble of
  water. Happens because the trough of the wave
  hits the beach, slows due to friction, but the
  crest carries on at its normal speed.

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• Waves shape shorelines by eroding and
  redepositing sediments.
• Waves slowly wear away rocks and cliffssea
  arches sometime result.

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• How are Beaches Formed?
• Rock fragments carried in waves rub together and
  break down. On a steep shoreline, these
  fragments roll back into the sea. On a gradual
  shoreline, they rest and beaches form.

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• Tides
• Tides are the slow rise and fall of the ocean in
  daily cycles.
• Spring tides, the largest, occur when the Earth,
  moon and sun are aligned.

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• The difference in level between a high and low
  tide is called the tidal range.
• Tidal movements result mainly from the pull of
  the moons gravity on the ocean.
• High tide on one beach means low on the other
  side.

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• Ocean Currents
• Broad continuous movements of ocean water are
  called currents.
• Like a massive river in the ocean.

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• Surface Currents
• Currents at the ocean surface driven by winds.
  (Top 100 200 m)
• Three factors influence the direction of winds
  and surface and currents

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• 1) Uneven heating of atmosphere. Warm air
  expands upward and outward. This creates an area
  of low pressure. Cool air has a high pressure
  and moves the low pressure airthis movement
  creates wind.

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• 2) Rotation of the Earth trade winds at the
  equator push ocean currents to the west. At the
  polar regions, westerly winds drive currents east.

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• 3) Continents continents deflect east-west
  currents either north of south.

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• Ocean Temp. and Currents
• Winds and currents mix heat evenly through
  surface waters.
• Suns rays cannot penetrate, so temp. drops
  quickly past 200m.
• Think of mixing bath water to warm it up.

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• Gulf Steam starts in the Caribbean Sea and flows
  north along the east coast of North America.
  Then turns northeast and crosses the Atlantic.
  Carries warm water to Iceland and British Isles.

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• Warm currents transfer their heat to the
  atmosphere.
• Water has a high heat capacity takes a long
  time to heat up and cool down.
• Large bodies act as heat reservoirs in winter,
  staying warmer than nearby land.

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• The difference in temp. between the water and
  land affects the weather systems near the
  shoreline.produce breezes and these breezes
  affect evaporation and condensation also.

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Unit 5 Fresh and Saltwater Systems

• Topic 5
• Living in Water
• Read Pages 432 - 447

Remember to name and date your notes!
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• Lakes and ponds are bodies of fresh water that
  collect in low areas of land.
• Remember a pond is small, shallow, and light
  can hit the bottom.
• Plants can grow at the bottom of a pond.

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• Lake is usually larger than a pond.
• Plants cannot grow on the bottom of a lakeexcept
  along shorline.

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• Rivers and streams are usually shallow and
  contain sediments eroded from land.
• Most animals who live in rivers and streams must
  attach themselves to rocks or plants (or be good
  swimmers) as the rivers are always moving.

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• Oceans are salty, deeper, and move more due to
  tides, currents, and waves.
• Most marine organisms are found in the top 180m
  of water. (average depth to which light can
  penetrate.)

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• Most marine organisms live on the continental
  shelf as this is where plants can grow.
• 90 of marine life occurs here.

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• Most aquatic animals use gills to extract oxygen
  from water.

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• Marine mammals (whales, sea lions) use lungs.
• Some marine life tuck themselves under rocks,
  bury themselves in sand, or suction themselves to
  avoid being swept away.

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• Larger marine life, like fish and whales, are
  shaped to move easily through water.
• Plankton (zooplankton animal plankton, and
  phytoplankton plant plankton) float on
  currents.
• Food for marine life.

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• Some marine life capture food and eat it.
• Others filter food out of the water. Great
  whales filter plankton out of the water using
  baleen.

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• Aquatic Plants
• Two types those attached to the bottom and those
  that float.
• Where is plant life found?

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• Attached plants plants in shallow water often
  have roots get nutrients from soil.
• Many plants have long open channels in their
  stems to carry oxygen to the roots.

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• Marine plants have stomata on top of their leaves
  so that floating leaves can get oxygen.
• Flexible stems allow plants to move with currents
  and waves. They are supported by water around
  them.

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• Seaweed does not have roots, flowers, or leaves.
• Photosynthesize for food.
• Use a holdfast to attach to bottom.
• Get nutrients from water.

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Holdfast
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• Phytoplankton 0.002 mm to 2mm in size.
• Much of marine life depends on them for food.
• Stay in upper or surface to get sunlight to
  photosynthesize.

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• Aquatic plants need nutrients like nitrates and
  phosphates.
• Washed into water from land or come from detritus
  decaying bodies of dead plants and animals.
• Nutrients plentiful in spring from runoff and
  melting.

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• Human wastes, fertilizers and pollution sometimes
  cause too many nutrients in water.
• Causes growth of algae another aquatic plant.
• An algae explosion, called an algae bloom can
  occur.

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• When algae die they fall to the bottom of water
  where they are decomposed by bacteria.
• Decomposition require oxygen and oxygen from
  the habitat can be used up, killing plants and
  animals.

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Algae Bloom
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• Aquatic Food Chains
• A sequence of feeding relationships between
  organisms.

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• Fishing can affect food chains.
• Fisheries catch larger and most in demand fish.
  Their population can fall.
• Other populations of fish may also decrease, or
  even increase as a result.