Cities are an environmental abomination. . .

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Cities are an environmental abomination. . .

• Right?

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• The growth of cities will be the single largest
  influence on development in the 21st century.
• UN, 1996, State of World Population

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Largest urban areas

• 1. Tokyo, Japan - 28,025,000 2. Mexico City,
  Mexico - 18,131,000 3. Mumbai, India -
  18,042,000 4. Sáo Paulo, Brazil - 17, 711,000
  5. New York City, USA - 16,626,000 6. Shanghai,
  China - 14,173,000 7. Lagos, Nigeria -
  13,488,000 8. Los Angeles, USA - 13,129,000 9.
  Calcutta, India - 12,900,000 10. Buenos Aires,
  Argentina - 12,431,000

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Whats bad about cities?

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Air quality

• Magnitogorosk, RU?
• Hyderabad, IND

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Air quality

• Primary and secondary air pollution
• Primary directly emitted
• Particulate matter pm10 and pm5
• Lead
• Secondary forms in atmosphere
• Ground level ozone

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Impermeable surfaces
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Impermeable surfaces

• Dont allow water to sink into the ground
• Instead, water runs off quickly to storm drains
• Overwhelms sewage treatment plants, OR
• Goes directly to nearby water bodies

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Cities influence climate

• Urban heat island effect
• Roads, buildings, other infrastructure replace
  vegetation
• Absorb solar energy during day, radiate heat at
  night
• Roofs, roads can be 50-90 deg. F hotter than air
  temperature!

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Whats good about cities?

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Transportation

• Greater use of mass transit and less use of
  private automobiles
• Much more walking in some cities

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transportation

• Energy efficiency of different forms
• Btus per person mile
• Vanpool 1322
• Eff. Hybrid 1659
• Commuter rail 2996
• Cars 3512
• Air 3261

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Fighting obesity

• City dwellers less likely to be obese
• St. John Newfoundland 36
• Toronto 16
• Vancouver 12
• New York City 20

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City Energy consumption- quad. BTU 4. 02 Per household Million BTU 85.3 Per household member Million BTU 33.7
town 1.94 102.3 39.7
suburb 2.46 108.6 40.3
rural 2.13 95.1 37.8
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Alternatives to cities

• Suburbs
• Developed during 20th century
• People wanted space
• Loans, returning veterans
• Transportation cars made living in one place,
  working in another possible
• Westchester cty, NY worlds first large-scale
  suburban development

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Sprawl development

• Spreading outward of city and suburbs
• Low-density development
• Single family homes, large lots
• Auto dependent development
• Long distances to work

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• Calgary, Alberta

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Strip malls

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Smart Growth

• A new development paradigm
• Restoring center cities or older suburbs
• Transit and pedestrian oriented
• Mix of housing, retail, entertainment, other uses

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• Energy use
• Transportation
• Cars vs. bikes vs pedestrian vs mass transit
• Living space
• Recycling
• Lack of green space

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