PERIOD 2 Classical Period

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PERIOD 2Classical Period

• 600 BCE
• to 600 CE

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• Punishments should know no degree or grade, but
  from ministers of state and generals down to
  great officers and ordinary folk, whoever does
  not obey the kings commands, violates the laws
  of the state, or rebels against the statutes
  fixed by the ruler should be guilty of death and
  should not be pardoned.  Merit acquired in the
  past should not cause a decrease in the
  punishment for demerit later, nor should good
  behavior in the past cause any ignoring of the
  law for wrong done later.  If loyal ministers and
  sons do wrong, they should be judged according to
  the full measure of their guilt, and if among the
  officials who have to maintain the law and to
  uphold an office, there are those who do not
  carry out the kings law, they are guilty of
  death and should not be pardoned, but their
  punishment should be extended to their family for
  three generations.  Colleagues who, knowing their
  offense, inform their superiors will themselves
  escape punishment. Therefore I say that if there
  are severe penalties that extend to the whole
  family, people will not dare to try how far they
  can go, and as they dare not try, no punishments
  will be necessary...
• Shang Yang (390 BC 338 BC)

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Classical China
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Qin Chin Dynasty (221-206 BCE)

• Shi Huangdi
• Legalist rule
• Bureaucratic, centralized control
• Military expansion
• Book burnings --gt targeted Confucianists
• Buried protestors alive!

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Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE)

• Strong, centralized bureaucracy
• Extended Great Wall
• Roads (including Silk Road), canals
• Emperor Wu Di (141-87 BCE)
• Public schools
• Colonized Manchuria, Korea,
  Vietnam
• Civil service system

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Changan The Han Capital
Imperial Seal
Han Artifacts
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Classical India
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Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 CE)

• Chandragupta
• Unified northern India after Alexander the Great
  withdrew
• Set up efficient bureaucracy
• Asoka (grandson)
• Dedicated life to Buddha
• Continued bureaucracy
• Hospitals, roads

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Gupta Empire (320-647 CE)

• Chandra Gupta I
• Bureaucracy
• Allowed local government in south
• Patriarchal
• Caste system continued
• Advances
• Medicine
• Math (decimal, pi)

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Classical Greece
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Early History (3000 BCE-750 BCE)

• Minoans
• Crete
• Seafaring merchants
• Sophisticated civilization
• Hellenes
• Merged with native Greeks
• Dark Age

Homer
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Geographic Influence

• Mountains
• Independent city-states
• Insufficient farmland
• Founded colonies on Mediterranean coast
• Location
• Peninsula in Mediterranean
• Exchange of culture/trade
• Deep harbors
• Numerous good harbors on its irregular coastline

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City-States

• Athens
• Democratic, leading city-state
• Sparta
• Aristocratic/military city-state
• Corinth
• Trading center
• United by language, culture and fear of Persians

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Alexander the Great (336-323 BCE)

• Taught by Aristotle
• Conquered Persian Empire
• Created Hellenistic culture
• Died suddenly at 33

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Athenian Contributions

• Theater, poetry and historical writing
• Science and math
• Architecture and sculpture
• Philosophy
• Socrates
• Individual
• Plato
• Group
• Aristotle
• World

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Classical Rome
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Ancient Rome (1500 BCE-500 BCE)

• 1500BC-Latins crossed Alps
• Founded Rome
• Conquered by Etruscans
• New Romans
• Roads, walls, buildings
• Metal weapons

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Republic500-27 BCE

• Social aristocracy
• Patricians
• Plebeians
• Senate
• Conquered Mediterranean world
• Italian Peninsula and west
• Client states
• Spread Greek culture
• Began to end with assassination of Julius Caesar
  in 44 BCE

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Empire27 BCE-476 CE

• Octavian (Augustus)
• Began Pax Romana
• Spread Greco-Roman civilization
• Law, language, historical writing
• Trade, industry, science, architecture
• Diocletian
• Divided Empire
• Constantine
• Reunited empire
• Converted to Christianity

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Germanic Invasion

• Germans allowed to settle
• Huns pushed more Germans in
• 476 CElast Roman emperor

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Trade Routes of the Classical World
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Items Traded
spices
silks
cotton goods
spices
rice wheat
horses
gold ivory
gold ivory
cotton goods
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Classical Mesoamerica
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Maya (1800 BCE-800 BCE)

• Led by ruler-priests
• Only known fully developed written language of
  time/area
• Art, architecture
• Writing, math, astronomy, calendar
• Cultural diffusion across Mesoamerica

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Why civilizations fall

• External
• War
• Natural disaster
• Disease

• Internal
• Overpopulation
• Economic problems
• Social disruption
• Political struggles

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How do civilizations collapse?

• Population size and density decrease dramatically
  
• Society tends to become less politically
  centralized
• Less investment is made in things such as
  architecture, art, and literature
• Trade and other economic activities are greatly
  diminished
• The flow of information among people slows
• The ruling elites may change, but usually the
  working classes tend to remain and provide
  continuity

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Is it possible to prevent collapse?

• Every society must
• answer basic biological needs of its members
  food, drink, shelter, and medical care.
• provide for production and distribution of goods
  and services (perhaps through division of labor,
  rules concerning property and trade, or ideas
  about role of work).
• provide for reproduction of new members and
  consider laws and issues related to reproduction
  (regulation, marriageable age, number of
  children, and so on).
• provide for training (education, apprenticeship,
  passing on of values) of individuals so that they
  can become functioning adults in society.
• provide for maintenance of internal and external
  order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy).
• provide meaning and motivation to its members.

• Thuman and Bennet

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PERIODS 1 2Ancient and Classical Periods

• 8000 BCE
• to 600 CE