Social Movements of the 1960

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Social Movements of the 1960s

• USH Unit 6

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The Start of the Womens Movement

• The Feminist Movement began in the late 1800s
• Concentrated on gaining right to vote
• Seneca Falls Convention
• Declaration of Sentiments
• 19th Amendment ratified in 1920

3
Reproductive Rights

• Margaret Sanger opens birth control clinic in
  1923
• Shut down by policethen reopened
• Birth control information is declared to be not
  obscene in 1936
• Birth control pills are developed and first
  approved by FDA in 1960

4
Equal Pay??

• Stereotypes in the 19th century and early 20th
  century limited women to household jobs or low
  paying jobs
• By the early 1960s, about half of all women held
  a job
• President Kennedys Commission on the Status of
  Women is established in 1960
• But on average, women still made only .63 to
  every 1 men made

5
Equal Pay Act

• Congress passes the Equal Pay Act in 1963, making
  it illegal for employers to pay a woman less than
  what a man would receive for the same job
• Since 1963, when the Equal Pay Act was signed,
  the closing of the wage gap between men and women
  has been at a rate of about half a penny a year.

6
Impact of the 1964 Civil Rights Act on Womens
Rights

• Many women who had been involved with the Civil
  Rights Movement applied techniques to their own
  struggles
• A section of the 1964 Civil Rights Act called
  Title VII contained a section that outlawed
  discrimination on the basis of gender
• This Act gave feminist groups legal standing
• Extremely important!

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Civil Rights Act- Title VII

• "No person in the United States shall, on the
  basis of sex, be excluded from participation in,
  be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to
  discrimination under any educational program or
  activity receiving federal financial assistance."

8
Betty Friedan

• Women began looking for
• ways to explore other aspects
• of their lives
• Betty Friedans book, The Feminine Mystique,
  influenced many lives
• The book described the cultural patterns that
  prevented women from achieving their full
  potential
• AKA as the problem that has no name

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NOW

• The National Organization of Women
• Founded in 1966 by Friedan and others
• Sought pay and job equality
• Called for more of an balance in child rearing
  and household responsibilities
• Served as the major vehicle to end sex
  discrimination and promote equality

10
Ms Magazine

• Ms. Magazine was first published as a sample
  insert in New York magazine 300,000 copies are
  sold out in 8 days.
• The first regular issue was published in July
  1972.
• The magazine became the major forum for feminist
  voices, and cofounder and editor Gloria Steinem
  is launched as an icon of the modern feminist
  movement

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The Equal Rights Amendment

• The 26th Amendment (proposed)
• Proposed 1972 change to the U.S. Constitution
• Equality of rights under the law shall not be
  deniedon account of sex.
• Did not receive needed 38 states proposal died
  in 1982

12
Roe v Wade

• Landmark Supreme Court case in 1973
• Legalized abortion in the U.S.
• Became a radical cause on both sides

13
Equal Credit Opportunity Act

• The Equal Credit Opportunity Act was passed in
  1974
• It prohibits discrimination in consumer credit
  practices on the basis of sex, race, marital
  status, religion, national origin, age, or
  receipt of public assistance.

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Opposition to Womens Movement

• Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative political
  activist led a campaign to block passage of the
  ERA
• Feared that the ERA would lead to women in
  combat, coed bathrooms, and the end of
  traditional families
• Became powerful political force

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The Impact of Feminism

• More women entered college, law school, and
  medical school
• Women were admitted to military and police
  academies
• Women became more involved in politics
• Women became more involved in popular music
• I Am Woman by Helen Reddy

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I Am Woman

• I am woman, hear me roar
• In numbers too big to ignore
• And I know too much
• To go back an' pretend
• 'Cause I've heard it all before
• And I've been down there on the floor
• No one's ever gonna
• Keep me down again.

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You can bend but never break me'Cause it only
serves to make meMore determined to achieve my
final goalAnd I come back even strongerNot a
novice any longer'Cause you've deepened the
conviction in my soul

• Oh yes, I am wiseBut it's wisdom born of
  painYes, I've paid the priceBut look how much I
  gainedIf I have toI can do anythingI am strong
  (strong)I am invincible (invincible)I am woman

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I am woman watch me growSee me standing toe to
toeAs I spread my lovin' arms across the
landBut I'm still an embryoWith a long, long
way to goUntil I make my brother understand

• Oh, yes, I am wiseBut it's wisdom born of
  painYes, I've paid the priceBut look how much I
  gainedIf I have toI can face anythingI am
  strong (strong)I am invincible (invincible)I am
  woman

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• Oh, I am womanI am invincibleI am strongI am
  womanI am invincibleI am strongI am woman

Oh, yes, I am wiseBut it's wisdom born of
painYes, I've paid the priceBut look how much I
gainedIf I have toI can face anythingI am
strong (strong)I am invincible (invincible)I am
woman
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Ethnic Minorities Seek Equality

• Latinos
• Asian-Americans
• Native Americans

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Latinos

• Latino population was growing quickly
• Family origins in Latin America
• Also known as Chicanos in 1960s-1970s
• Had been seen as outsiders and denied employment,
  education, and housing
• Large numbers of Latinos and Chicanos began to
  organize themselves into powerful political
  groups

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Civil Rights for Latinos

• The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, one
  of the least studied social movements of the
  1960s, encompassed a broad cross section of
  issuesfrom restoration of land grants, to farm
  workers rights, to enhanced education, to voting
  and political rights.
• Also known as the Chicano Movement addressed
  negative stereotyping of Mexicans in mass media
  and the American consciousness through the
  creation of works of literary and visual art that
  validated the Mexican-American ethnicity and
  culture.

• http//www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano.ht
  ml

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Important Milestones

• The Bracero Program, created under a joint
  U.S.-Mexico agreement in 1942, permits Mexican
  nationals to work in U.S. agricultural areas on a
  temporary basis and at wages lower than domestic
  workers
• The Bracero Program is terminated in 1963.
• In 1968, the U.S. Congress designated "National
  Hispanic Week" in mid-September, to coincide with
  the Independence Day celebrations in Costa Rica,
  El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua on
  September 15, and with Mexico's Independence Day
  on September 16. In 1988, Congress expanded the
  commemoration, appointing the month running from
  Sept. 15 to Oct. 15 as "National Hispanic Month."
  

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Important Court Case

• 1974 In Lau v. Nichols, the Supreme Court rules
  that, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, school
  districts are required to provide assistance to
  LEP (limited-English-proficient) students that
  ensure that they receive the same opportunities
  as fluent English students

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Cesar Chavez

• Founder of United Farm Workers (UFW)
• Was a migrant worker from Arizona his family was
  among the first to strike for equal rights and
  pay in the fields
• Organized Mexican field hands against powerful
  grape and lettuce farmers

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Chavez and Grape Boycott

• Striking farm workers and supporters begin a
  national boycott of California table grapes
  in1967
• In 1968 Cesar Chavez fasts in Delano for 25 days.
  
• He is joined by Sen. Robert Kennedy at the end of
  the fast. The UFW campaigns for Robert Kennedy in
  the California primary
• Resulted in a 1975 California law that required
  collective bargaining for migrant workers

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Asian Americans

• Have faced discrimination since their arrival in
  the U.S.
• The prejudice reached a peak in the 1940s
  (Internment camps)
• Most were well-educated by 1960s, yet still
  earned less and found less jobs available in
  management
• This began to change by 1970s
• The new state of Hawaii sent several
  Asian-Americans to Congress changing stereotypes

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Immigration from Asia

• The most significant change in immigration from
  Asia occurred when highly restrictive "national
  origins" quotas were lifted in 1965.
• The new country-specific quotas enabled
  significant immigration from every country in
  Asia, which led to dramatic and ongoing changes
  in the Asian American population in the U.S.

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Native Americans

• By 1871, Native American tribes were not
  recognized as independent powers
• However Native Americans were not considered US
  citizens, either!
• After 1924, Native Americans who had been born in
  the U.S. were granted citizenship
• However, it wasnt until 1948 that all were given
  the right to vote
• Old stereotypes vanished slowly

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Native Americans and Discrimination

• Native Americans suffer from many of the same
  social and economic problems as other victims of
  long-term bias and discrimination - including,
  for example, disproportionately high rates of
  poverty, infant mortality, unemployment, and low
  high school completion rates.
• The struggle for equal employment and educational
  opportunity is key to addressing these problems

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Discrimination Against Native Americans

• American Indians faced discrimination similar to
  the segregation that as African Americans
  experienced
• In some states you could find three separate
  drinking fountains labeled "whites," "Colored"
  and "Indian."
• There were also three sections in some movie
  theaters.

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The American Indian Movement (AIM)

• The native civil rights movement began with the
  founding of the American Indian Movement (AIM) in
  1968.
• AIM began as a rallying group for the rights of
  Indians living in urban areas, and initiated a
  series of protests and confrontations that
  continued into the 1970s

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The American Indian Movement (AIM)

• Everything is tied to our homeland
• Indian land claims included
• Seneca Nation in New York
• Seminole Nation in Florida
• Fight for autonomy (self-government) on Indian
  Reservations

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Violence in the Movement

• Members of AIM briefly took over the headquarters
  of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington,
  D.C.
• They complained that the government had created
  the tribal councils on reservations in 1934 as a
  way of perpetuating paternalistic control over
  Native American development.

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Issues of the Movement

• During the Summer of 1968, two hundred members of
  the Indian community came together to discuss
  various issues and critical developments within
  the Native American community. Amongst them were
  --
•  Police Brutality
•  Slum Housing
•  80 unemployment rate
• Disgraceful if not shameful practices of the
  Minneapolis public school system and its lack of
  concern regarding Indian education.
• Racist and discriminatory policies of the
  Hennepin County welfare system toward Native
  American clients.
• Questionable behavior of federal government in
  its regard to Native policies

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The Occupation of Alcatraz in 1969

• Several Native American groups claimed the former
  prison
• The occupiers held the island for nearly eighteen
  months, from Nov. 20, 1969, until June 11, 1971,
  reclaiming it as Indian land and demanding
  fairness and respect for Indian peoples.
• The protest failed and federal officials removed
  the protestors in 1970

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The Confrontation at Wounded Knee

• In 1973, about 200 Sioux, led by members of AIM,
  seized the tiny village of Wounded Knee, South
  Dakota the site of the last great massacre of
  Native Americans by the U.S. cavalry (1890).
• Among AIMs demands was a review of more than 300
  treaties between the Native Americans and the
  federal government that AIM alleged were broken.
• Wounded Knee was occupied for 70 days before the
  militants surrendered.
• Two AIM members were killed and a dozen people
  were hurt including federal marshals
• AIM leadership were jailed for the protest and
  violence.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

• All of the civil rights laws that protect people
  from discrimination because of race or color or
  national origin also protect American Indians
  including the Civil Rights Act of 1964

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The Environmental Movement

• Roots of the Environmental Movement can be traced
  back to the late 1800s, and to the New Deal
• Early environmentalists included John Muir and
  Teddy Roosevelt
• Muir was instrumental in persuading TR to
  preserve vast public lands as parks, forests, and
  wildlife preserves

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• There can be nothing in the world more beautiful
  than the Yosemite, the groves of giant sequoias
  and redwoods, the Canyon of the Colorado, the
  Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Three Tetons and
  our people shoud see to it that they are
  preserved for their children and their children's
  children forever, with their majestic beauty all
  unmarred."
• Teddy Roosevelt, Outdoor Pastimes of an American
  Hunter 1905.

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Best Sellers List

• Rachel Carson
• Author of Silent Spring
• Condemned the use of chemical
• pesticides such as DDT which
• threatened the food chain
• destroyed many
• birds and fish including the bald eagle

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Important Environmental Actions

• The creation of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
  (NRC) in 1974
• Chief goal to ensure that nuclear power faculties
  were operated safely

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Earth Day

• Earth Day was created in April 1970
• Increased awareness and clean-up day
• Celebrated on April 22
• Wear green, walk to school, and plant some
  flowers!
• http//www.earthday.net/earthday2007.aspx

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Government Action

• Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency
  (EPA) in 1970
• http//www.epa.gov/epahome/intro.html
• The first EPA undertakings set standards for
  factory waste, car emissions, and the use of
  pesticides and toxic substances
• The Clean Air in 1970
• The Clean Water Act in 1972
• Problems between businesses and the new laws
  continue today

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Consumer Safety ExpertRalph Nader

• Headed a consumer effort to
• protect Americans from
• unsafe products
• Published, Unsafe at Any
• Speed The Designed-in Dangers of the American
  Automobile in 1964
• Later, headed efforts to make baby food,
  insecticides, and the meatpacking industries
  safer ran for president in 2000

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