The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• An Overview
• 1700 - 1900

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Lets FOCUS!

• Quietly, look around the room and list in your
  notes 3 things in this room not made in a factory.

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Production Before The Industrial Revolution Food

• All goods were made by hand or grown on the farm.
• Farmers grew just enough food to survive.
• Surpluses might be exchanged for goods made in
  towns

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Production Before Essential Goods

• Most necessities, such as clothing, furniture,
  and tools, were made on the farm or in small
  shops in the towns and villages.
• Materials came from the farm or surrounding areas.

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Production Before Essential Goods

• Manufacturing in towns
• Some items were made in towns in guild shops
• Guilds were associations of craftsmen in a
  certain profession
• Craftsmen used simple tools to make cloth,
  hardware, leather goods, etc.
• Items were, essentially, hand made.
• Items were often exchanged for food from the farms

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Population Before

• Less than 10 of people lived in towns
• Most lived in small settlements in the
  countryside
• The majority were farmers leasing small plots of
  land from landowners
• Life revolved around the agricultural seasons

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Family Life Before

• The extended family
• Large families were needed to work the farms
• Families often consisted of
• Grandparents
• Parents
• Many children (4-8 would be the average)
• Uncles and aunts
• Cousins
• Sons followed the fathers trade
• Girls did the work of their mother
• Little change from generation to generation

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Family Life Before

• Living conditions were hard for most people
• Life revolved around the success of the crops.
• Most people were malnourished and susceptible to
  diseases.
• Frequent diseases and epidemics kept the
  population relatively stable.
• Life expectancy was about 30-35 years.
• Marriage and child bearing occurred during the
  teenage period.

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Working Before

• Boys worked in the fields and helped make tools
  and other necessary implements.
• Girls worked at home doing necessary chores, such
  as making clothes, baskets, cooking, cleaning,
  etc.
• There was little or no pay other than a place to
  live and food to eat.
• Everyone helped out at an early age.

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Traditional Farming Methods

1. List all of the MACHINES in the picture.
2. How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture?
3. What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here?
4. Using the picture, write a sentence describing
   life before industrialization.

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Government Before

• Monarchs, great landowners, rich merchants, and
  clergy had most of the power in government.
• Even in elected governments, like Britains
  Parliament, the representatives were males who
  paid large amount of taxes.
• People that did not own land and pay taxes had no
  voice in government.
• Common people, especially women, had no input.

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Overview of Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth
  but also great social and economic inequality,
  prompting a backlash of political, social, and
  economic reforms

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Useful words

• Urbanization
• Urbanization Movement of people from rural
  areas to cities.
• Capitalism
• Economic system in which the means of production
  are privately owned and operated for profit.

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Industrial Revolution

• Definition
• the shift from making goods by hand to making
  them by machine

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In what country did the Industrial Revolution
begin?

• Britain in the
• 1780s

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Why did the Revolution begin in Britain?

• Because Britain had the 3 factors for production
  necessary for industrialisation

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What are the 3 factors of production?

• land
• labour
• capital

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Land includes

• Natural resources such as
• water power and coal to fuel new machines
• iron ore to construct machines, tools, and
  buildings
• rivers for inland transportation
• harbours from which merchant ships set sail

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Labour

• An increase in population created a surplus of
  workers
• enclosed farms pushed farmers off the land and
  into the cities

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Capital

• A strong economic and political stability in
  England encouraged private investment
• banks gave loans to invest in new machinery and
  to expand operations
• business people invested in the manufacturing of
  new inventions

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Urbanization

• In the mid 1700s, more than half the population
  of Britain lived and worked on farms.
• Between 1750 and 1851, displaced farming families
  moved to the cities to work in the new factories.

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Urban Living Conditions

• Factory owners rushed to build housing
• Back to back row houses
• Several people in very small spaces
• Poor sanitation
• High disease rates
• Crime
• Massive pollution

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What was the first industry to be transformed by
the revolution?

• Textile industry - Britains textile industry
  clothed the world in wool, in linen, and cotton.

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Major inventions in the textile industry

• Inventions which transformed the manufacture of
  cloth
• flying shuttle
• spinning jenny
• water powered spinning wheels

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Willowing Machine
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Spinning Jenny

• The Spinning Jenny was an 18th century cotton
  spinning machine designed by James Hargreaves in
  1764..
• By turning a single wheel, the operator could
  now spin eight threads at once.

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Power Loom

• This invention made it possible for weaving to
  become a large-scale factory based industry.
  Before the invention of the power loom it was
  handloom weavers who made cloth. These were men
  who worked in the basements of their homes using
  wooden hand powered looms to weave cloth

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Flyer Spinning Frame

• Introduced by Richard Arkwright in 1769, the
  flyer spinning frame is powered by the drive
  wheel at the bottom, drawing out the fiber into
  thread, then twisting it as it is wound onto the
  bobbins.

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Water Powered Mill

• Water turned the paddles of a wheel, which in
  turn moved grinding stones or other mechanical
  devices.

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Developments in Britain had an impact on the rest
of the world

• Example
• Britains cotton came from plantations in the
  American South, where cotton production
  skyrocketed in response to demand from the
  textile mills in Britain.

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Transportation expands

• Invention of the steam engine, which connected
  consumers, producers, and suppliers
• Construction of canals
• Railroads, which promoted the iron and steel
  industries, where the Bessemer Process was
  introduced
• Construction of better roads

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James Watts Steam Engine World Changing
Invention

• James Watt's improvements in 1769 and 1784 to
  the steam engine converted a machine of limited
  use, to one of efficiency and many applications.

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James Watts Steam Engine World Changing
Invention

• Watts improved steam engine was the foremost
  energy source in the emerging Industrial
  Revolution, and greatly multiplied its productive
  capacity.

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James Watts Steam Engine World Changing
Invention

• Watt was a creative genius who radically
  transformed the world from an agricultural
  society into an industrial one. Through Watts
  invention of the first practical steam engine,
  our modern world eventually moved from a 90
  rural basis to a 90 urban basis.

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1. Explain the needs that led to the spread of the
   steam engine in 18th and 19th century Europe.
2. For what purposes was the steam engine used
   during the Industrial Revolution?
3. How did the Industrial Revolution change the way
   many people lived and worked?

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Urban Living Conditions
Average Age at Death for Different Classes
CITY GENTRY TRADESPEOPLE LABORERS
Rutland 52 41 38
Truro 40 33 28
Derby 49 38 21
Manchester 38 20 17
Bethnal Green 45 26 16
Liverpool 35 22 15
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Working Conditions and Wages

• Common working day 12 14 hours
• One short break for lunch
• Work week 6 days per week
• 80 degree heat
• Workers were beaten if they did not perform well.
• Hot, polluted factory air.
• Workers risked losing limbs from the machines.
• Low wages.

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Child Labor

• Children shifted from farm work to factory work.
• 12 14 hour days
• 6 day weeks
• Lower wages than adults.
• Began at age 5.
• Mining work deformed bodies.

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Economists of the Industrial Revolution

• Adam Smith advocated laissez- faire economics.
  No government regulation of business. A free
  market will produce more goods at lower prices,
  making them affordable by everyone. The basis of
  Capitalism.
• Thomas Malthus Population will outpace the food
  supply
• David Ricardo Poor having too many children,
  thus leading to a high labor supply and lower
  wages.

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Reformers

• Jeremy Bentham utilitarianism greatest
  happiness for the greatest number.
• John Stuart Mill advocated government help for
  the poor and giving the vote to workers and
  women.
• Robert Owen actually built a factory based on
  the idea that an employer could offer decent
  living and working conditions and still make a
  profit.

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Karl Marx

• Scientific socialism
• Economics really a struggle between the haves
  (upper class and merchants) and the have nots
  (proletariat working class.)
• Advocated a workers revolution to replace
  private ownership of property with cooperative
  ownership.
• Led to system of Communism.

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The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
Social Effects

• New inventions and development of factories
• Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s
• Increased production and higher demand for raw
  materials
• Growth of worldwide trade
• Population explosion and a large labor force
• Exploitation of mineral resources
• Highly developed banking and investment system
• Advances in transportation, agriculture, and
  communication

• Long hours worked by children in factories
• Increase in population of cities
• Poor city planning
• Loss of family stability
• Expansion of middle class
• Harsh conditions for laborers
• Workers progress vs. laissez-faire economic
  attitudes
• Improved standard of living
• Creation of new jobs
• Encouragement of technological progress

Political Effects

• Child labor laws to end abuses
• Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth
  (i.e. Karl Marx)
• Trade unions
• Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism,
  utopianism, socialism, and Marxism
• Reform bills in Parliament