Introduction to Pathology

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Introduction to Pathology
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??History of Pathology

• Autopsy ? Organ pathology (1761)
• LM ? Cellular pathology (1854)
• Ultrastructural pathology with the application
• of EM (20 century 60s)
• Immunopathology, Molecular pathology,
• Genetic pathology, Quantitative pathology

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??The scope of pathology

• 1. The core of pathology
• The four aspects of a disease process that
• form the core of pathology
• (1) Etiology causes of the disease
• (2) Pathogenesis the mechanisms of its
  development
• (3) Morphologic changes the structural
  alteration
• induced in the cells and organs
  of the body.
• (4) Clinical significance the functional
• consequences of the morphologic
  changes.

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2. Classification
Autopsy Biopsy Cytology

• (1) Human pathology
• (2) Experimental pathology
• 3. Position
• Its a bridging discipline involving both
• basic science and clinical practice

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4. Text of Pathology

• (1) General pathology
• concerned with the basic reaction of
• cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli
• that underlie all diseases.
• (2) Systemic pathology
• dedcribe the specific responses of
  specialized
• organs and tissues to defined stimuli.

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??Techniques of Pathology

• 1. Human pathology
• (1) Autopsy
• (2) Biopsy surgical or diagnostic pathology
• (3) Cytology smear, fine needle aspiration
• 2. Experimental pathology
• (1) Animal experiment animal model
• (2) Tissue and cell culture

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??Observation and New Technique of
Morphology

• (?)Gross appearance
• size, shape
• weight
• color
• consistency
• surface
• edge, section

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(?)Histologic and cytologic
observation

• most common and basic formalin fixed
• ? HE (hematoxylin and eosin) stained

Hemangioma of ventrical wall
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(?)Histochemistry and cytochemistry

• PAS?BM

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(?)Immunohistochemistry

• 1. Ag-Ab specific reaction
• 2. Applications
• (1) Location analysis
• cytokeratin?cell membrane
• (2) Clinical diagnosis and distinguishing
• diagnosis of tumor histogenesis

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Leiomyosarcoma
Actin ()
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(?)Ultrastructural observation

• TEM (transmitting electron microscope)

Filtering membrane
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• SEM (scanning electron microscope)

Podocyte
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(?)Flow cytometry (FCM)

• 1. One kind of cells?quantitative
• 2. DNA ploidy analysis
• 3. Protein nucleus acid?quantitative
• 
  analysis
• 4. Selection of collection of cells

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• (?)Image analysis (IA)
• Nuclei diameter circumference area
• volume morphology
• (?)Laser scanning confocal
• microscope (LSCM)
• aliving cell?observation in situ or
• development or
  quantitative

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(?)Molecular biology technique

• 1. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• 2. DNA sequencing
• 3. Biochip technique
• (1) Gene chip (DNA chip)
• (2) Protein chip (protein microarray)
• (3) Tissue chip (tissue microarray)

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)