Latin%20Revolutions

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Latin Revolutions
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Social classes divided Latin America

• Peninsulares
• Creoles
• Mestizos
• Creoles resented the peninsulares they wanted
  equality and got ideas from other revolutions
• Began to denounce Spanish and Portuguese rule in
  the nineteenth century

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• Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture led
  100,000 slaves to revolt in Hispanola
  (Haiti)Became the first independent state in
  Latin America

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South America

• Jose de San Martin- believed all Spaniards needed
  to be out of South America to be free
• 1810 gained independence for Argentina from Spain
• 1817 attacked Chile and defeated Spain
• 1821 moved to Lima and Peru
• Needed help from Simon Bolivar
• Bolivar Liberated Venezuela

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South America

• By end of 1824- Peru, Uruguay, Paraguay,
  Columbia, Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, and
  Chile all became independent states
• Central America became independent from Portugal
  in 1823
• Divided into 5 republics
• Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and
  Nicaragua

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South America

• Europeans still wanted control in Latin America
• British wanted to trade with Latin America and
  asked United States to join forces and attack
  Latin American Nations
• US disagreed
• Wrote the Monroe Doctrine
• Guaranteed Latin American independence and warned
  against European intervention

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Difficulties in Nation Building

• Most nations were left with poverty
• Commutation and unifying the nation was difficult
• Still dependent of western nations
• Struggled to build governments and often had
  Caudillos
• Ruled by military force
• Some were supportive building up the country
  others were destructive
• Juan Manual de Rosas (Argentina)
• Was supported by the masses
• When caudillos died or lost power civil wars
  often broke out to for control of country

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• Although Latin American nations were independent
  from Spain and Portugal Great Britain now
  dominated economy
• Old trade patterns emerged
• Exports- Wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee, and
  hides
• Imports- consumer goods including textiles
• Foreigners kept domination of Latin American
  economy
• Nations kept their own political independence

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Inequality remained

• Landed elites controlled much of economy and
  government
• Wrote constitutions much like the United States
• Limited voting to keep power

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United States in Latin America

• Cuba became a protectorate
• Puerto Rico was annexed
• 1903 US helped Panama separate from Columbia
• In exchange received control of 10 mile strip of
  land and built the Panama Canal
• US military forces
• Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
  Panama, Columbia, Haiti and

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Mexico

• Miguel Hidalgo with mestizos and Native Americans
  revolted against Spanish rule
• Formed a mob army to attack the Spaniards
• Sept 16 1810- Mexicos independence day
• This frightened Peninsulares and Creoles
• They banned together to defeat revolutionary
  forces
• Then overthrow Spanish rule to keep their own
  power

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Mexico

• Augustin Itubide new leader only lasts 1 year
  (1822-1823)
• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna(1829-1855) misused
  state funds, halted reforms, and created chaos
• American settlers in Texas revolted against him
• War between Mexico and US followed
• Mexico lost almost ½ of land

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Mexico

• Benito Juarez (1855-1876)
• Brought liberal reforms to Mexico
• Separation of church and state
• Land distribution to the poor
• Educational system for all people

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Mexico

• Porfirio Diaz (1877-1911)
• Centralized government supported by
• Army
• Foreign capitalists
• Large landowners
• Catholic Church
• Wages of workers were low
• Only a few families owned most of land
• Madero forced power from Diaz in 1911 but was
  ineffective

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Mexico

• Emilian Zapata brought the masses together and
  began to seize estates of wealthy landowners
• 1917 a new constitution was written
• Government set up with a president
• Land-reform policies
• Limits on foreign investors
• Agenda to help workers
• Patriotism with intellectuals and artists who
  wanted to capture what was unique and special
  about Mexico