America Becomes A Colonial Power

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America Becomes a Colonial Power
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Essential Question Why did America join the
imperialist club at the end of the 19c?
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1. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments 1869-1908
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1. Commercial/Business Interests
American Foreign Trade1870-1914
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2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan ? The Influence of Sea Power on
History 1660-1783
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3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White MansBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
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4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionariesin China, 1905
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5. Closing the American Frontier
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Hawaii "Crossroads of the Pacific"
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U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church first built in the late 1820s
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U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
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Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
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U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

• 1875 Reciprocity Treaty
• 1890 McKinley Tariff
• 1893 Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising
  against Queen Liliuokalani.
• Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of
  Hawaii in 1894.

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To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
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Japan
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Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry
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Treaty of Kanagawa 1854
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Gentlemans Agreement 1908

• A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports
  tolaborers entering the U.S.
• Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude
  Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by
  other countries.
• The U.S. government got theschool board of San
  Francisco to rescind their order tosegregate
  Asians in separateschools.

• 1908 ? Root-Takahira Agreement.

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Root-Takahira Agreement 1908

• A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far
  East.
• Recognition of Chinas independence and
  territorial integrity, and support for
  continuation of the Open-Door Policy.
• An agreement to mutual consultation in the event
  of future Far Eastern crises.

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Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 1912

• Senator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)
• Non-European powers,like Japan, would
  beexcluded from owningterritory in the
  WesternHemisphere.

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Alaska
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Sewards Folly 1867
7.2 million
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Sewards Icebox 1867
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Cuba
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The Imperialist Tailor
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Spanish Misrule in Cuba
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Valeriano Weylers Reconcentration Policy
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Yellow Journalism Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington You furnish
the pictures, and Ill furnish the war!
William Randolph Hearst
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De Lôme Letter

• Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and
  abidder for the admirationof the crowd,
  besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to
  leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on
  good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

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Theodore Roosevelt

• Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley
  administration.
• Imperialist and American nationalist.
• Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the
  backbone of a chocolate éclair!
• Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

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The Rough Riders
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Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
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The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
How prepared was the US for war?
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The Philippines
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The Spanish-American War (1898)That Splendid
Little War
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Dewey Captures Manila!
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Is He To Be a Despot?
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Emilio Aguinaldo

• Leader of the FilipinoUprising.
• July 4, 1946Philippine independence

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William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the
Philippines
Great administrator.
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Our Sphere of Influence
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The Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
• Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
• The U. S. paid Spain20 mil. for
  thePhilippines.
• The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

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The American Anti-Imperialist
League

• Founded in 1899.
• Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and
  WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.
• Campaigned against the annexation of
  thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

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Cuban Independence?

• Teller Amendment (1898)
• Platt Amendment (1903)
• Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
  foreign powers that would endanger its
  independence.
• The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
  necessary to maintain an efficient, independent
  govt.
• Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
  naval and coaling station.
• Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Senator Orville Platt
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DILEMMA--Did U. S. citizenship follow the flag??
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Puerto Rico
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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1900 - Foraker Act.
• PR became an unincorporated territory.
• Citizens of PR, not of the US.
• Import duties on PR goods
• 1901-1903 ? the Insular Cases.
• Constitutional rights were not automatically
  extended to territorial possessions.
• Congress had the power to decide these rights.
• Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were
  legal!

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Puerto Rico 1898

• 1917 Jones Act.
• Gave full territorial status to PR.
• Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the
  US.
• PRs elected theirown legislators governor to
  enforcelocal laws.
• PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.
• A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to
  vote for PR in the House.

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Panama
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Panama The Kings Crown

• 1850 ? Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
• 1901 ? Hay-Paunceforte Treaty.
• Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.
• Dr. Walter Reed.
• Colonel W. Goethals.
• 1903 ? Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

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Panama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)
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The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
1905
Chronic wrongdoing may in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require intervention by some civilized
nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the exercise of an international
police power .
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Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
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China
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Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental Chinese Exclusion Act, 1887
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The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
• 55 Days at Peking.

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The Open Door Policy

• Secretary John Hay.
• Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.
• Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by
  any one foreign power.

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TheOpen Door Policy
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America as a Pacific Power
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America's New Role
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The Cares of a Growing Family
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Constable of the World
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Treaty of Portsmouth 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
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The Great White Fleet 1907
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Tafts Dollar Diplomacy

• Improve financialopportunities for American
  businesses.
• Use private capital tofurther U. S.
  interestsoverseas.
• Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and
  order abroad that would best promote Americas
  commercial interests.

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Mexico
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The Mexican Revolution 1910s

• Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and
  puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
• Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
  Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against
  Huerta.
• The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz
  and Huerta fled the country.
• Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

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The Mexican Revolution 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Francisco I Madero
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Wilsons Moral Diplomacy

• The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.
• Spread democracy.
• Promote peace.
• Condemn colonialism.

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Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in
1914.
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U. S. Global Investments Investments in Latin
America, 1914
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U. S. Interventions in Latin America 1898-1920s
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Uncle Sam One of the Boys?