Chapter 18 Section 1

1
Chapter 18 Section 1

• The Roots of Imperialism

2
Objectives

• Identify the key factors that prodded America to
  expand.
• Explain how the United States took its first
  steps toward increased global power.
• Summarize the chain of events leading up to the
  U.S. annexation of Hawaii.

3
Terms and People

• imperialism policy by which stronger nations
  extend their political, economic, and military,
  control over weaker territories
• Alfred T. Mahan naval historian who advocated
  for naval power as the basis for a great nation
  urged the United States to build a modern fleet
• Social Darwinism - belief that Darwins theory of
  the survival of the fittest should be applied to
  societies, justifying imperialism
• Frederick J. Turner historian who noted the
  closure of the American frontier his ideas were
  used by others to urge U.S. overseas expansion
• Matthew Perry U.S. naval commander who sailed a
  fleet into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and opened trade
  with Japan

4
IMPERIALISM

• Imperialism is the idea
• that strong countries
• should take over
• weak countries and
• rule them.

5
WHO WERE THESE EMPIRE BUILDERS?

• GREAT BRITAIN
• HOLLAND
• SPAIN
• GERMANY
• These countries had colonies all over the world
  in
• AFRICA
• ASIA
• LATIN AMERICA

6
Why did the United States join the imperialist
club at the end of the 19th century?
7
EVERYONE WANTS A PIECE OF THE PIE
8
SHOULD THE US EXPAND?

• ARGUMENT 1
• FOR EXPANSION
• AN EMPIRE WILL MAKE THE US RICH AND POWERFUL. The
  U.S should not be left out since other
• countries have taken other lands.
• IT IS THE DUTY OF THE US TO GOVERN OTHER PEOPLE
  BELIEVED TO BE INFERIOR.
• (White Mans Burden)
• THE US SHOULD SPREAD CHRISTAIN BELIEF THROUGHOUT
  THE WORLD.

• ARGUMENT 2
• AGAINST EXPANSION
• THE US HAS ENOUGH PROBLEMS
• TO TAKE CARE OF IN AMERICA.
• IT CANNOT TAKE CARE OF
• PROBLEMS IN LANDS ACROSS
• THE OCEAN.
• AMERICAN IS THE LAND OF THE
• FREE. THE US HAS NO RIGHT TO TAKE AWAY
  OTHER PEOPLES FREEDOM AND TELL THEM WHAT
• TO DO.

9
Rudyard Kiplings The White Mans Burden (1899)

• take up the White Mans burden, send forth the
  best ye breed, go bind your sons to exile, to
  serve your captives need, to wait in heavy
  harness, on fluttered folk and wild, your new
  caught sullen peoples, half-devil and
  half-child
• What does he mean by the White Mans Burden?
• What does the word captives indicate?
• What does the final line tell us about his view
  of different cultures?

10
HOW WOULD THE US COMPETE AGAINST OTHER GLOBAL
POWERS FOR COLONIES?

• THE US NEEDED A STRONG NAVY TO PROTECT ITS
  ECONOMIC INTERESTS IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
• In his book, THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER ON
  HISTORY, ALFRED THAYER MAHAN argued that the U.S.
  needed a strong navy and overseas naval and bases
  to protect its economic interests overseas.

11
(No Transcript)
12
Alaska

• Secretary of State William Seward purchased
  Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million in 1867.
• Critics mocked Sewards Icebox and Sewards
  Folly as a far off and useless frozen tundra
  but
• valuable resources, including timber, and oil,
  were found
• and Alaska doubled Americas territory

13
ALASKA

• The U.S. adds Alaska in 1867.
• It is purchased from Russia for 7.2 million by
  Secretary of State William Seward.
• It is called Sewards Folly because people
  could not understand why the U.S. would want it.
  (Gold was discovered there in 1867. It also has
  oil, fish and furs.)

14
(No Transcript)
15
HAWAII

• The U.S. gets the king of Hawaii to accept a
  constitution that gives the U.S. control.
• His sister Queen Liliuokalani tries to regain
  power but is unsuccessful and she is dethroned in
  1898.
• U.S. annexes (takes Hawaii in) and in 1900 it
  becomes a U.S. Territory.
• Hawaii is a good place for naval bases and
  trading stops between the U.S. and Asia. It is
  also a good supply of sugar and pineapple

16
Chapter 18 Section 2

• The Spanish American War

17
Objectives

• Explain the causes of the Spanish American War.
  
• Identify the major battles of the war.
• Describe the consequences of the war, including
  the debate over imperialism.

18
Terms and People

• José Martí Cuban patriot who launched a war
  for independence from Spain in 1895
• William Randolph Hearst owner of the New York
  Journal who, along with Joseph Pulitzer of the
  New York World, started the Yellow Press
• Yellow Press newspapers that used sensational
  headlines and exaggeration to promote readership
• jingoism aggressive nationalism
• George Dewey commodore of the U.S. squadron
  that destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay

19
Terms and People (continued)

• Emilio Aguinaldo leader of Filipino
  nationalists who defeated the Spanish Army
• Rough Riders volunteer cavalry unit assembled
  by Theodore Roosevelt, famous for their 1898
  charge at San Juan Hill
• Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War
  and included U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and
  the purchase of the Philippines

20
Reasons to fight. Rate them. Which one is the
best/worst reason and why?
Reasons for War Good Bad
The US is directly attacked by a foreign nation 1 2 3 5
Property of the US or its citizens (ships, overseas business, etc.) is attacked by a foreign nation 1 2 3 5
To acquire new land or territory 1 2 3 5
To protect foreign industries vital to the US (ex. Oil) 1 2 3 5
Terrorist attack on US citizens or property 1 2 3 5
To help a friendly nation that has been invaded by an enemy To stop genocide 2 3 1 2 3 5 4 5
21
Lets Look at war with Spain

• Cuba and Puerto Rico were Spanish possession in
  the Americas.
• Cuba began to revolt against Spain.
• Spain sends General Valerianio Weyler to put
  down the rebellion.
• 200,000 Cubans died of starvation and disease in
  Concentration camps

22
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
23
CUBA

• Cubans try to free their country from Spanish
  rule but without success.
• Jose Marti is a Cuban fighter devoted to the
  revolution. He is exiled from Cuba and ends up in
  New York writing about the war. His writings
  fuels Cuban independence.
• He races back to fight in Cuba and dies a martyr
  (as hero who dies for his cause).
• The war in Cuba against Spain is a guerrilla war
  where rebels make surprise attacks and then
  disappear.

24
(No Transcript)
25
The Yellow Press

• US was sympathetic to Cubas cause for
  independence.
• The U.S. press encouraged war with Spain.
• Newspapers tried to stir up emotional hatred of
  Spain by printing gruesome sometimes made-up
  stories about the atrocities committed by Spain
  in order to sell newspapers. (Yellow Journalism).
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were
  rival newspaper tycoons whose papers printed
  these stories.

26
Activity

• Pulitzer and Hearst agreed that the key to
  selling newspapers was an attention grabbing
  emotional headline.
• Discuss the words you see that appeal to peoples
  emotions.

27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
Activity

• Rewrite the following headlines in the style of
  yellow journalism.
• 1. Dead Body Found in Creek
• 2. Grocery Store Robbed
• 3. Local Building Burned Down
• Remember you want each title to include alarming
  or sensational words that would prompt people to
  buy the paper and find out more.
• Ex Politician Accused of Corruption might be
  rewritten as Scandal! Politician Caught in
  Shameless Crime!

31
Remember the Maine!

• The U.S decided to go to war with Spain to keep
  European military bases away from the U.S. and to
  protect U.S. tobacco and sugar plantations in
  Cuba.
• The USS Maine was sent to Cuba to protect US
  lives and property. The ship sinks and Spain is
  blamed.
• Remember the Maine becomes a rallying cry for
  war.
• Ex. Never Forget
• President McKinley doesnt want war but due to
  public pressure declares it after the Maine sinks.

32
Spanish American War

• First fighting began in the Philippines another
  Spanish possession.
• Commodore George Dewey conquers the Philippines
  and seizes Manila.
• T.R. resigns his post as Assistant Secretary to
  the navy and leads a group of soldiers known as
  the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill in Cuba.
• Spain surrenders in Cuba
• U.S. troops defeat Spain in Puerto Rico too.

33
COST OF WAR TO SPAIN

• Gave up all claims to Cuba
• Cede the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam to the
  US.
• In return for a 20 million payment by the US,
  Spain gave up control of the Philippines.
• These places are good for naval bases and places
  to obtain raw materials and market goods.

34
US Gains and Losses

• US becomes a imperialist world power.
• Cost of war to US
• 400 Americans died in battles
• 5000 Americans died from food poisoning

35
Americans Debate Imperialism

• William Jennings Bryan
• Mark Twain

• President McKinley

• Supported imperialism
• Argued the United States had a responsibility to
  uplift and civilize the Filipo people

• Critics of imperialism
• Attacked it, it was against American principles
• The American Anti-Imperialist League was formed
  in 1899

36
Chapter 18 Section 3

• The United States and East Asia

37
Objectives

• Examine the causes and consequences of the
  Philippine insurrection.
• Analyze the effects of the Open Door Policy.
• Describe how the United States dealt with the
  rising power of Japan.

38
Terms and People

• insurrection a rebellion or revolt
• guerrilla warfare form of nontraditional
  warfare, generally by small bands of fighters
• William Howard Taft governor of the Philippines
  in 1901, later president of the United States
• spheres of influence zones in China that gave
  European powers exclusive access to commerce
• John Hay U.S. Secretary of State who asserted
  the Open Door Policy in China

39
Terms and People (continued)

• Gentlemens Agreement pact between the United
  States and Japan to end segregation of Asian
  children in San Francisco public schools. In
  return, Japan agreed to limit the immigration of
  its citizens to the United States
• Great White Fleet 1907 world cruise by an
  armada of U.S. battleships to demonstrate
  American naval strength

40
Terms and People (continued)

• Boxer Rebellion 1900 revolt by secret Chinese
  societies against outside influences
• Open Door Policy Secretary of State John Hays
  policy of opposing European colonies and spheres
  of influence in China
• Russo-Japanese War war between Japan and Russia
  in 1904 over the presence of Russian troops in
  Manchuria

41
The Philippines

• The United States purchased the Philippines for
  20 million in the Treaty of Paris (1898).
• McKinley
• The Filipinos First Bath ?

42
The Philippines (Continued)

• Many were angry over the United States
  possession over the Philippines.
• Filipino nationalist Emilio Aguinaldo used
  guerilla warfare in an organized insurrection
  against the U.S.
• The U.S. reacted with brutality and racism.
• Villages were burned down and many were killed

American press defended the brutality by saying,
they must yield before the superior race.
43
William H. Taft 1st Governor General of the
Philippines (1901)
44

• William Howard Taft censored the press and jailed
  many, but he also
• Established a health care system
• Staffed schools
• Built roads and bridges
• Extended limited self-rule

45
Independence

• In 1916, Congress passed the Jones Act which
  pledged to give the Philippines their
  independence.
• It did not become an independent state until 30
  years later.

46
The U.S. Establishes Naval Bases

• The U.S. can now establish naval bases and
  refueling stations in the Pacific Ocean so that
  it can trade with Asia.
• Midway added 1867
• Guam added 1898
• Wake Island added 1899

47
Lets look atCHINA

• China is rich in natural resources and struggles
  to keep foreign countries out.
• Foreign countries want parts of China because its
  natural resources and new places to sell European
  goods will make the European countries rich.
• In 1895 China is attacked by Japan.
• SPHERES OF INFLUENCE Foreign nations (Britain,
  France, Germany and Russia) take areas of China
  and declare exclusive rights over mines,
  railroads and trade.

48
OPEN DOOR POLICY

• Not wanting to be left out, the U.S. calls for
  equal access to Chinas railroads and ports for
  trade and investments. This policy was called the
  Open Door Policy.
• In other words the U.S. did not want to be left
  out of taking natural resources and setting up
  new markets in China, just like European
  countries were doing.
• John Hay was the Secretary of State who called
  for the Open Door.

49
(No Transcript)
50
BOXER REBELLION

• The Chinese resented foreign control of its
  country.
• Many resented missionaries who came to China to
  convert the Chinese to Christianity.
• The Boxers (AKA Fists of Righteous Harmony)
  attacked killed 300 foreigners.
• China had to pay 333 million for damages to
  European powers.

51
Anti-Asian Prejudice

• Disrupted relations with Japan
• Was extremely prevalent on the West Coast
• San Francisco School Board banned Asian students
  from attending
• classes with white students

Roosevelt negotiated a Gentlemens Agreement in
which the school board removed the ban, and in
exchange, Japan limited emigration to the United
States
52
Great White Fleet

• 1907, 16 battleships
• Demonstrated the U.S.s growing military power

53
(No Transcript)
54
Chapter 18 Section 4

• The United States and Latin America

55
Objectives

• Examine what happened to Puerto Rico and Cuba
  after the Spanish American War.
• Analyze the effects of Roosevelts big stick
  diplomacy.
• Compare Wilsons moral diplomacy with the
  foreign policies of his predecessors.

56
Terms and People

• Foraker Act established civil government in
  Puerto Rico with an appointed governor
• Platt Amendment set of conditions under which
  Cuba was granted independence in 1902, including
  restrictions on rights of Cubans and granting to
  the U.S. the right to intervene to preserve
  order in Cuba
• big stick diplomacy Theodore Roosevelts
  approach to international relations that depended
  on a strong military to achieve its aims
• Panama Canal waterway dug across Panama to
  shorten the trip between the Atlantic and the
  Pacific
• Roosevelt Corollary President Theodore
  Roosevelts reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to
  keep the Western Hemisphere free from
  intervention by European powers
• dollar diplomacy President Tafts policy
  to encourage investment rather than use force in
  Latin America

57
Terms and People (continued)

• moral diplomacy President Wilsons statement
  that the U.S. would not use force to assert
  influence in the world, but would instead work to
  promote human rights
• Francisco Pancho Villa Mexican guerrilla and
  outlaw who eluded capture by General Pershing for
  11 months from 1916 to early 1917

58
The U.S. victory in the Spanish - American War
left the fate of Puerto Rico and Cuba unresolved
59
THE US IN LATIN AMERICA
60
Roosevelts Big Stick Diplomacy
Speak Softly, and Carry a Big Stick, You Will Go
Far!
61
PANAMA

• TR wants to build a canal through Columbia so
• The US can protect its possessions in the
  Pacific.
• The US navy can move ships into action faster for
  military purposes.
• The US can trade quickly and cheaply with
  countries and possessions in the Pacific and in
  Asia.

62
The Panama Canal

• The Worlds Most Important Shortcut! The 8th
  Wonder of the World!

63
PROBLEMS!

• TR offers Columbia 10 million to build the
  canal but Columbia is hoping for more money.
• Meanwhile the Panamanian people in Columbia are
  revolting and want to break away from Columbia to
  make their own country.
• TR sends US war ships to help them.

64
The Bunau-Varilla Treaty

• The Panamanian people win independence from
  Columbia with the help of the US and quickly sign
  a treaty allowing the U.S. to build the canal
  (US pays them 10 million).

65
THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

• THE MONROE DOCTRINE IN 1823 TOLD EUROPEAN
  COUNTRIES TO STAY OUT OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
• By 1900 European nations lend Latin American
  countries large amounts of money they can not pay
  back. The European countries threaten to invade
  nations such as Venezuela and the Dominican
  Republic.
• President Roosevelt tells European countries that
  the U.S. will act as an international police
  force in Latin America if they should want to
  invade. This is known as the Roosevelt Corollary
  (addition) to the Monroe Doctrine. The U.S. tells
  these countries that the U.S. will not tolerate
  any foreign influences in the Western Hemisphere.

66
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

• President Taft wanted to influence Latin America
  in a peaceful way.
• Taft encouraged American banks to invest in Latin
  America. This was called DOLLAR DIPLOMACY.
  (Instead of bullets we will used dollars to help
  Latin American countries do better)
• Dollar Diplomacy was not very successful since
  the US sent troops into Latin America to protect
  US investments when revolution broke out.

67
Wilsons Moral Diplomacy

• Supported human rights and national integrity
  rather than U.S. self-interest
• Promised the U.S. would never again seek one
  additional foot of territory by conquest

68
(No Transcript)