American Imperialism Chapter 18

1
American ImperialismChapter 18
2
What is Imperialism?

• political, military, and economic domination
  (complete control) of strong nations over weak
  territories

3
Why Imperialism? Economic Causes

• desire for raw materials natural resources
• need for new markets for American exports U.S.
  was producing more goods than Americans could
  consume

4
Why Imperialism? Political / Strategic Causes

• need to protect trade U.S. interests abroad
• to strengthen U.S. navy needed for refueling
  stations abroad (navy bases)

Launched in 1889, the USS Maine was a modernized
steel-plated, steam-powered battleship.
5
The Spanish-American War
6
Causes of the Spanish-American War

• People of Cuba Philippines wanted to rebel
  against Spain
• Depression of 1890 in Cuba 1895 Cubans revolted
  against Spain
• Spanish used harsh tactics against Cubans (Gen.
  Valeriano the Butcher Weyler)
• American press (yellow journalism) reported
  cruelties Pulitzer Hearst created sympathy for
  Cubans
• American investments property destroyed during
  Cuban revolt

The Butcher Weyler
Joseph Pulitzer, journalist for New York World
7
America Declares War

• Feb 9, 1898 DeLome Letter printed in Hearsts
  Journal called McKinley weak stupid
• Feb 15, 1898 USS Maine exploded in Havana
  harbor killing 266 American sailors press blamed
  Spain - War? Sure!
• McKinley asked Congress to declare war
• April 19, Congress declared war adopted Teller
  Amendment US had no intention of annexing Cuba

8
A Splendid Little War
Rough Riders

• War fought on 2 fronts
• Caribbean (Cuba P.R.)
• Pacific (Philippines)
• Commodore George Dewey led the naval destruction
  of Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines in
  May 1898 by Aug. Spanish troops surrendered
• Emilio Aguinaldo led Filipino rebels against
  Spain
• U.S. troops land in Cuba by June T. Roosevelt
  led Rough Riders in Cuba charged up San Juan
  Hill which opened way into Santiago harbor
• Spanish-American War Apr 25 - Aug 12, 1898 US
  won

9
(No Transcript)
10
Treaty of Paris, 1898

• 1. Spain recognized Cuban independence
• (would become a U.S. protectorate)
• 2. U.S. paid Spain 20 mill. to give up the
  Philippines
• 3. Guam (Pacific) and Puerto Rico ceded to the
  U.S.
• Guam still U.S. possession Puerto Rico is a
• commonwealth

11
Effects of the Spanish American War

• U.S. recognized as a world power acquired an
  overseas empire (leads to debate over expansion)
• U.S. annexation of Philippines led to
  Philippine-American War led by Emilio Aguinaldo
  (3 years 216,000 Filipinos died 5,000
  Americans)
• 1946 - Philippines given independence
• U.S. made Cuba a protectorate (Platt Amendment
  added to Cubas constitution) soon gave Cuba
  independence

12
Work on this

• Spanish-American War Review
• Index Card
• List or draw 2 causes 1 effect of the war

13
Debate over ExpansionShould U.S. annex
Philippines

• Imperialists supported expansion
• Arguments
• Americans needed new frontier
• New markets for American manufactured goods
• New sources of raw materials
• Increase in military power
• Spread American ideals Christianity, democracy,
  capitalism
• American superiority our duty

14
Debate Over Expansion Should U.S. annex
Philippines?

• Anti-imperialists opposed expansion
• Arguments
• Rejected nations foundation of liberty for all
• Faced enough difficulties at home
• Threatened democratic foundations (fear of large
  standing armies)
• Racism might have to absorb people of different
  races
• Expansion would cost too much
• Fear of competition in job market lower wages

15
New Lands Come Under U.S. Flag

• Hawaii (1891) U.S. annexed after queen was
  deposed by a wealthy planter Sanford Dole U.S.
  Marines
• Guam (1898) Treaty of Paris, 1898
• Puerto Rico (1898) Treaty of Paris, 1898
• Midway Islands (1867) U.S. occupied annexed
  for naval base
• Alaska (1867) U.S. purchased from Russia for 7.2
  million (Sewards Folly, Sewards Icebox)
• Samoa (1899) U.S. acquired base at Pago Pago
• Philippines (1898) Treaty of Paris, 1898

16
(No Transcript)
17
Panama Canal

• Who Theodore Roosevelt
• What waterway linking Atlantic and Pacific
  Oceans greatly reduced travel time between U.S.
  coastlines
• When construction began 1904 finished in 1914
• Why for commercial and strategic
  advantages facilitated trade alternative to
  needing separate navies for each ocean
  (page 606 607)

18
How Did U.S. Acquire Rights to Build the Canal?

• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty signed
• with Panama in 1904
• Panama Canal Timeline
• 1) 1903 U.S. negotiated treaty w/ Colombia
  (Panama part of)
• 2) Colombian govt stalled treaty demanding more
  money
• 3) Roosevelt impatient supported Panamas
  revolt
• 4) U.S. recognized Panamas independence,
  negotiated treaty w/ Panama (10 mill 250,000
  yearly lease for 10 mile wide strip)

19
Panama Canal Today

• 1978 Panama Canal Treaty negotiated during Jimmy
  Carters Presidency canal gradually transitioned
  to Panamas control
• Transition completed in 2000 Panama owns and
  operates canal today

20
Review What is the Monroe Doctrine?

• Issued by President Monroe in 1823
• We (United States) wont bother you (Europe), you
  dont bother us (Western Hemisphere)

21
Roosevelt Corollary(To Monroe Doctrine)

• Why? Europeans threatened intervention in W.
  Hemisphere (to collect debts, etc.)
• When and how stated? In Dec. 1904 by Roosevelt
  in message to Congress
• Central Message if intervention in W.
  Hemisphere necessary, U.S. would intervene, not
  European nations

22
Roosevelt Corollary

• When / Where / How Tested?
• Early 1900s in Dominican Republic, Nicaragua,
  Haiti, Virgin Islands U.S. used various
  methods of intervention
• Significance / Effect on
• U.S. Latin American Relations
• Made U.S. the international police power in W.
  Hemis. led to U.S. intervention damaged
  relations w/ Latin American nations

23
Latin America Diplomacy

• What does the word diplomacy mean?

• managing or negotiating with other countries

Roosevelts Big Stick Diplomacy
Tafts Dollar Diplomacy
Wilsons Moral Diplomacy
24
Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick - T.
Roosevelt

• Old African proverb
• Describes Roosevelts foreign policy
• - Use diplomacy, but have power to enforce it
  and protect American interests
• - Intervention if necessary
• - big stick the U.S. navy

25
Tafts Dollar Diplomacy

• Maintain orderly societies abroad by increasing
  American investment in foreign economies
• Substituting dollars for bullets
• Tafts foreign policy not as aggressive as
  Roosevelts

26
Wilson attempts a new directionMoral Diplomacy

• 1912 Wilson criticized foreign policy under TR
  and Taft
• Wilson promised US would not seek new territory
  but would work to promote human rights, national
  integrity opportunity
• Still ordered interventions in Haiti, Dominican
  Republic Mexico