Language Acquisition Dr. Mark Leikin

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Language AcquisitionDr. Mark Leikin
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Language Acquisition

• "???? ????? ?????"
• ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????
  ???
• ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????, ?????? ??
  ??????????
• ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????
  ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ,?????? , ?? ???????
• ????? ????, ?????????? ?????

3
Models

• (I)
• ???? ?????????????? (Behavioristic approach)
• John Watson (1878-1958), Burrhus Skinner
  (1904-1990), Charls Osgood (1916-)
• ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????
  (?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????). ??? ?? ??????
  ????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????.

4
Behavioristic approach

• John Broadus Watson
• (1878-1958)
• B. F. Skinner
• (1904-1990)

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Behavioristic approach

• ??? ????? ???????????????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ??????, ??????
  ???????
• Imitation, Practice, Selective Reinforcement
• ??????
• Chomsky, Fromkin, Moskowitz, Slobin

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Models

• (2)
• ???? ??????????? (???????)
• Chomsky Fodor, Pinker
• ????????? - Preformism ????????? ?????? ???
  ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???
  ????.
• Nativism is the view that certain skills or
  abilities are 'native' or hard wired into the
  brain at birth. This is in contrast to the 'blank
  slate' or tabula rasa view.

7
Models

• The Innateness Hypothesis
• Avram Noam Chomsky (1928-)
• ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????
  ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????
  ????

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Models

• Avram Noam Chomsky
• (1928-)

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Chomsky

• ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??
• ?? ??? ??????
• ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? (Piaget and
  Linguists)
• ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? (Child Motherese
  ,Directed Speech (
• ??????
• Lenneberg, Psycholinguists, Linguists

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Child Directed Speech

• ???????? ?? Motherese
• ???? ???? ???????
• ????? ????? ?????? ?????????
• ???? "????" ????? ???? ???? ??? ???-???
• ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????
• ?????? ??????

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Child Directed Speech

• ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????
• ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????
• ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????
• ???????? ?? ????
• ????? ????? ?????? ???????

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Models

• Critical Period
• ????? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ????? ???????, ???
  ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
  ????????? ???????.
• ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (???????,
  ????????????) ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????????.
• ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??
  ???? ?????? ?????.

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Models

• The Critical Age Hypothesis
• Eric Lenneberg (1921-1975)
• 1. Wild Children, e.g., wolf children (???? ??)
• Francois Truffauts film The Wild Child (Victor)
• ?????
• (1) Herodotus (IV b.c.) Pharaoh Psamtic I (VII
  b.c.)
• (becos, Phrygian language)
• (2) Akbar the Great (XVI)
• (3) James IV Scottish (XIV)

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Wild Children

• ???? ?????
• (1) Victor (1799, France) Pinel, Itard, Sicard
• (2) Amala and Kamala (1920, India)
• (3) Monkey boy of Burundi (1978)
• 2. Attic children (???? ???? ??)
• Genie (1970, USA).

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Models

• 3. Hearing children of hearing-impaired parents
• Isabel (1938, USA)
• 4. Language disorders SLI, Aphasia
• 5. Sensitive period Joseph Konrad Syndrome

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Models

• (3)
• Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

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Piaget

• ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??
  ???????.
• ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????
  ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????.
• ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? (Semiotic
  Function) ????? ???? ????.
• ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????
  ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????.

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Models

• Lev Vigotsky
• (1896-1934)

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Vigotsky

• ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????.
• ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.
• ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ??
  ??-????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.
• ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

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Vigotsky

• ????? ???? ?????? ??-??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???
  ????? ?????.
• ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???
  ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???
  ????? ?????.
• ???? ??? ????-?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????
  ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????.

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Vigotsky

• The origins of thought and language according to
  Vigotsky
• Thought and speech have different roots in
  humankind, thought being nonverbal and language
  being nonintellectual in an early stage.
• But their development lines are not parallel -
  they cross again and again. At a certain moment
  around the age of two, the curves of development
  of thought and speech meet and join to initiate a
  new form of behavior. That is when thought
  becomes verbal and speech becomes rational.

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Vigotsky

• ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????
• ??????? ??????, ????? ???????? ??????.
• ??????? ???, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
• ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????.
• ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????
  ?????? ??????? (?????? ???????).

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Models

• (5)
• ???? ?????-?????? (Psycholinguistic approach)
• ?????-?????? (Psycholinguistics) ???? ???? ??????
  ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????.
• ??? ????-?????? ?????? ????? ???, ??-???????,
  ???????? ?? ??????-?????, ?????????? ?? ?????,
  ???? ??? ??? ??????, ???'.
• ????? ????????, ?????, 1953

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Models

• Chomsky
• Competence - Linguistics,
• Performance - Psycholinguistics
• Osgood
• ????????????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????,
  ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????
  (???).

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Models

• ?????? ????? 3 ???????? ??????? ???? ??????
  ??????? ???.
• 1. The Learnability Theory
• ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? (Learning models) ??
  ???? ?? ???????????? ???????? (.(Chomsky
• Steven Pinker (1984, 1989)
• ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???
  ??? ?? ????????, ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????
  ????? ???????.??? ???? ????? ?????? ????.

26
Models

• 2. Functional Approach
• ???? ??????? "??????????".
• ????? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ???? ?????????,
  ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? (Piaget).
• Elizabeth Bates (Bates McWhinney, 1987, 1989)
• ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ??????
  ????????????.

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Models

• 3. The Theory of Operating Principles
• ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????
  ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???.
• Dan Slobin (1973, 1985)

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Models

• ???????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ??? (Language Competence) - Language
  Making Capacity (LMC).
• LMC ???? Operating Principles (OPs).
• Ops ?????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ???.

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Models

• ????? ??? (?????)
• ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????
  ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
• 1. ??????? ????? ?? ??? (??????? ???????,
  ???????, ???').
• 2. ??????? ?????????? (??????? ?????????? ??????
  ??????? ?????).
• 3. ??????? ???????? (??????? ???????? ??????
  ??????? ?????).

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Models

• 4. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? (??????
  Language Acquisition Device ?? Slobin).
• 5. ????? ???????.
• 6. ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????.
• ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
  ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
  ????? ????? ???????.

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John L. Locke. A Theory of Neurolinguistics
Development (1997)
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Developmental Neurolinguistics

• Average brain weights (grams) at different times
  of development
• 20 weeks - 100
• Birth - 400
• 18 months old - 800
• 3 years old - 1100
• Adult - 1300-1400

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Developmental Neurolinguistics
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Developmental Neurolinguistics
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Developmental Neurolinguistics

• ???? ????? ????? ???????
• ???? ??????? ???????
• ???? ????? ?? ??????
• ????? ????? (???????, ??????, ????)
• ?????????? (???? ????)
• ???????????

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The Course of Language Development
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The Course of Language Development

• I. Pre-lingual development (??? ????-?????)
• II. Language development
• 1. One-word stage
• 2. Two-word phrases
• 3. Syntactic development

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The Course of Language Development

• Language acquisition begins at birth, if not in
  the womb (Bloom, 1995).
• I. Pre-lingual development (??? ????-?????)
• Crying
• Cooing (vowel-like pitch-modulated sounds) - 12
  weeks
• Chuckling sounds - 16 weeks
• Babbling - 6-7 months

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The beginnings of language

• The babbling sound is uttered universally it is
  culture-free.
• Babbling is a purely non-linguistic motor
  activity that results from the opening and
  closing of the mouth and jaw (Babies play this
  for fun.)
•  

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Babbling

• The Linguistic Account 
• Babbling is a linguistic activity that reflects
  babies sensitivity to specific patterns at the
  heart of human language and their capacity to use
  them particularly the rhythmic patterns that
  bind syllables into baby babbles, and then into
  words and sentences. 
• Phonetic development
•  

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Babbling

• Subjects 3 hearing babies who received no
  systematic exposure to spoken language and who
  instead saw only signed language from their
  profoundly deaf parents. Another 3 hearing babies
  who were exposed to spoken language.
• It was found that hand movements made by babies
  with profoundly deaf parents had a slower rhythm
  than ordinary gestures and were restricted to
  space in front of the body. 

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The beginnings of language

• II. Language development
• 1. One-word stage
• First words - 12 months
• From 3 to 50 words names for specific
  individuals (Mama), objects (car), or substance
  (water) action verbs (give), adjectives (big) -
  12-18 months
• Semantic development

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The beginnings of language

• 2. Two-word phrases
• Word spurt or naming explosion (from 14 to 32
  months).
• Two-word phrases (more cookie, big toy) - 18
  months
• Semantic and morphological development

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The beginnings of language

• 3. Syntactic development
• Agrammatism dysgrammatic speech
• Telegraphic style
• Syntactic development