CHAPTER 33

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CHAPTER 33 THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
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I. TURKEY

• A. Physical Geography
• 1. Part of Turkey lies on a corner of
• Europes Balkan Peninsula.
• 2. The larger part of Turkey is on
• the Asian peninsula of Anatolia.
• 3. The Bosporus and Dardanelles
• are two straits the divide Turkey.
• 4. European Turkey is mainly made
• up of rolling plains and hills.

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• a. Anatoia has rugged coastlines,
• broad interior plateaus, and
• mountains.
• b. Central Turkey has two
• mountain ranges, the Taurus
• Mountains in the south and the
• Pontic Mountains in the north.
• 4. Turkey has two climate types.
• a. Mediterranean climate along
• the coasts and in the west.
• b. Steppe climate in the interior of
• Anatolia.

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• B. Economic Geography
• 1. Less than half of Turkey is suitable
• for farming.
• a. Wheat, barley, tobacco,
• hazelnuts, cotton, and citrus
• fruits around the Sea of
• Marmara and along the Aegean
• coast.
• b. Grains and livestock in the high
• interior plateaus.

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• 2. The eastern moutons are the least
• developed part of Turkey.
• a. Government is building dams in
• hopes of bringing progress.
• b. Region contains oil and mineral
• ores.
• c. Mohair brings some cash
• income.
• 3. A better network of roads and
• railroads has helped the industrial
• development of Turkey.

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• C. Urban Geography
• 1. Istanbul and Ankara are the
• leading cities of Turkey.
• a. Istanbul is the largest city and
• leading seaport.
• b. Ankara is the center of some
• important industries.
• 2. Industrial development,
• education, and improved
• standards of health and housing
• are helping Turkey become a
• modern nation.

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• D. Modern Turkey
• 1. The roots of modern Turkey reach
• back to the 1920s, when a
• revolution reorganized Turkish
• society.
• a. Islam lost its status as the state
• religion.
• b. The Roman alphabet replaced
• the Arabic alphabet.
• c. Wearing European style
• clothes was require.

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• c. Womens rights are being
• recognized.
• 2. Democratic traditions are on the
• rise.
• 3. Turkish foreign affairs focus on two
• main issues.
• a. Conflict with the Greeks over
• Cyprus and the resources of the
• Aegean Sea.
• b. Cooperation with the new
• countries of Central Asia.

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• E. Cyprus
• 1. Is a rocky, mountainous island
• located in the Eastern
• Mediterranean Sea.
• 2. About 3/4 of the islands
• population consider themselves
• Greek.
• 3. 1/4 think of themselves as Turks.
• 4. Each community has declared its
• own republic and has its own
• government.

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• 4. The Greek part of Cyprus has three
• times the per capita income as the
• Turkish part.

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II. Israel

• A. Physical Geography
• 1. Israel lies along the eastern shore
• of the Mediterranean Sea on what
• once was the ancient land of
• Palestine.
• 2. Country has many environments.
• a. Mediterranean along the coast.
• b. Semiarid around Galilee
• c. Arid valley of Jordan River and
• the Dead Sea.

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• 3. The Dead Sea is the lowest point
• on any continent.
• B. Agriculture
• 1. Only about 5 of the people work
• in Agriculture.
• 2. Israels farms are some of the
• most productive in the world.
• 3. Israel exports fruits, vegetables,
• and cut flowers to Europe.
• 4. The kibbutz, or collective farm, is
• an important part of Israeli identity.

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• 5. Israel has one of the worlds most
• sophisticated water management
• systems.
• C. Resources and Industry
• 1. Israel has no coal, little
• hydroelectricity, and relatively few
• minerals.
• 2. Israel has developed high-
• technology industries such as the
• manufacturing of computers, and
• military weapons.

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• 3. Tourism is another major industry.
• D. Historical Geography
• 1. The Jews established their first
• kingdom more than 3,000 years
• ago.
• 2. Over time, the Jews were forced to
• leave and the region became
• populated by Arabs
• 3. In the 19th century, the Zionist
• movement began to grow.

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• a. Zionists believed that a Jewish
• state should be established in
• Palestine.
• 4. Millions of Jews were killed during
• the Holocaust.
• 5. In 1948, the United Nations
• suggested that lands west of the
• Jordan River be divided between
• Jews and Arabs.
• a. Arab lands west of the river,
• called the West Bank were
• joined to Jordan.

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• b. Neighboring Arab countries and
• the Palestinians rejected the
• establishment of Israel.
• 6. War erupted in 1948. (Israeli
• forces defeated the Palestinians
• and their Arab allies.
• 7. Wars broke out again in 1956,
• 1967, and 1973. (Israel won all 3
• conflicts.)

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• 8. As a result of the war in 1967,
• Israel occupied land from Egypt,
• Syria, and Jordan.
• a. Egypts land was returned in
• 1982, but the other territories
• remain a source of conflict.
• E. Population and Urban Geography
• 1. Israel is a modern, urban nation.
• 2. Nearly 85 of its population is
• Jewish.

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• 3. Tel Aviv is the nations largest city.
• 4. Jerusalem, Israels capital is the
• nations culture and political
• center.
• F. Issues
• 1. A crucial question is the fate of the
• Palestinian people and the
• territories Israel has occupied
• since 1967.

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• 2. The Palestinian Liberation
• Organization (PLO) is the leader of
• the Palestinian cause.
• a. The PLO for many years
• attacked Israeli citizens,
• airplanes, and property
• throughout the world.
• b. Today it pursues peace
• agreements with Israel.
• 3. Israel maintains a large army, the
• cost of which drains the countries
• economy.

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III. Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan

• A. Syria
• 1. Stretches eastward from the
• Mediterranean coast to the plains
• of Mesopotamia.
• 2. Syria is trying to develop modern
• agriculture.
• a. In the mountain valleys, citrus
• fruits and other Mediterranean
• crops are grown.

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• b. East of the coastal region,
• cotton, wheat, and barley are
• key crops.
• c. Livestock is also important.
• d. In the Syrian Desert, Bedouin
• herders move their flocks with
• the seasons.
• 3. Agricultural progress depends on
• developing water resources.
• a. The Euphrates River provides
• water for irrigation.

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• b. A huge dam on the Euphrates
• has brought water to thousands
• of acres of land, and provides
• electric power for industry.
• 4. Syria is producing more basic
• consumer goods.
• 5. There is a small amount of oil for
• export, and new oil deposits are
• being developed in eastern Syria.

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• 6. Damascus is Syrias capital and a
• center of Islamic civilization.
• 7. Syria has been a leader in the
• Arab opposition to Israel.
• 8. After the Cold War, Syria has
• proposed peace negotiations with
• Israel.
• 9. Syria seeks aid from the U.S. and
• Europe.

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• B. Lebanon
• 1. Lebanon lies between Syria and
• Israel, wedged between the
• Mediterranean coast and the
• Lebanon Mountains.
• 2. More than 1/3 of its people are
• Christians
• 3. The Lebanese have one of the
• most modern and Westernized
• cultures in Southwest Asia.

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• 4. Periodic civil wars have been
• fought between Christians and
• Arabs.
• 5. Foreign countries and the UN
• have intervened many times in
• Lebanon to try to resolve the
• conflicts.
• 6. Lebanons economy lies largely in
• ruins.

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• C. Jordan
• 1. Jordan extends eastward from the
• Dead Sea and the Jordan River
• into the Arabian Desert.
• 2. When Jordan became independent
• in 1946, fewer than 400,000 people
• lived east of the Jordan River.
• a. Israels nationhood and the
• 1967 Arab Israeli conflict
• caused millions of Palestinians
• to move into Jordan.

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• 3. Much of Jordans food must be
• imported.
• 4. Modern Jordan centers around its
• capital city of Amman.
• 5. Economic growth and development
• are interwoven with the Arab-Israeli
• conflict.
• a. Jordanian and Israeli leaders
• signed a peace treaty in 1994.

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• POSSIBLE ASSIGNMENTS
• 1. Turkey, Israel, and Jordan Videodisc
• Program.
• 2. Middle East Treaty Negotiation
• 3. Colleague On The Middle East
• 4. Thinking Critically (pg. 397)
• 5. Chapter 33 Enrichment (pg. 15)
• 6. Learning About Your Geography
• (pg. 397)
• 7. Building a Vocab., Recalling and
• Reviewing.
• 8. Section Review (pg. 389, 394, 396)