The HUMAN BODY

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The HUMAN BODY

• Chapter 32
• Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems

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Chapter 32.1 Skeletal System

• Objectives
• List the structures and functions of the skeletal
  system
• Describe the structure of a typical bone
• List and describe the different kinds of joints

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Functions
• Provides shape and support
• Allows movement
• Protects tissues and organs
• Stores certain minerals
• Produces blood cells

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Skeleton Components

• Made up of approximately 206 bones
• Bones held together by ligaments
• Bones attached to muscle by tendons

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Skeleton- Bones

• Cartilage- strong, connective tissue that
  supports the body softer, more flexible than
  bone
• Ossification- process of bone formation,
  cartilage replaced by bone
• Cushions bones Reduces friction

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Skeleton- Bones

• Bones solid network of living cells and protein
  fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium
• Contains marrow
• Yellow marrow- mainly made of fat cells
• Red marrow- produces blood cells

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Skeletal Joints

• Joints- any place where two bones come together
• Joint types
• Movable
• Pivot, ball-and-socket, hinge, saddle
• Semi-movable
• Vertebrae
• Immovable
• Cranium, sacrum

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Skeletal System Disorders

• Arthritis inflammation of joint

• Osteoporosis loss of calcium in bones leads to
  weakening of bones

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Check-in

• Review bones of body
• What holds bone to bone?
• Ligaments
• What holds muscle to bone?
• Tendons

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Check-in

• What are the functions of the skeletal system?
• Shape and support, allows movement, protects
  tissues and organs, mineral storage, produces
  blood cells
• Process by which cartilage is replaced by bone
• Ossification

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Check-in

• Strong connective tissue more flexible than bone
• Cartilage
• Place where two bones come together
• Joint
• Disorder that causes inflammation of joints
• Arthritis

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Check-in

• Dense bone containing Haversian canals
• Outer layer of bone
• Contains fat cells
• Produces blood cells
• Adds strength w/o mass

• Yellow marrow
• Compact bone
• Periosteum
• Spongy bone
• Red marrow

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Chapter 32.2 Muscular System

• Objectives
• Describe the structure and function of the three
  types of muscle tissue
• Describe how muscles contract
• Describe how muscle contractions produce movement

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Muscles - bundles of fibers that work together to
  allow for movement and structure

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Muscles- 3 Types

• Skeletal-
• Attaches to and moves bones voluntary
• Smooth-
• Controls breathing, digestive system involuntary
• Cardiac-
• Found only in heart involuntary

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Check-in

• What muscle type(s) is/are striated?
• Skeletal and cardiac
• What muscle type moves bones?
• Skeletal
• What muscle type is found in digestive system?
• Smooth
• What muscle type(s) is/are involuntary?
• Smooth and cardiac

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Muscle Action

• Muscles work in pairs- one contracts, the other
  relaxes
• Biceps, Triceps
• Flexor
• Decrease angle between bones (eg. Biceps)
• Extensor
• Increase angle between bones (eg. Triceps)

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How do muscles contract?

• Nerve tissue sends message to muscle to
  contract/relax
• Electrochemical signal sent to muscle via nerve
• Signal causes release of Calcium ions which react
  with protein (myosin and actin) in muscle cells
• Muscles react by having their long filaments
  slide past each other
• Muscle cells get closer- they contract

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Muscle Contraction Video Clip
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Check-in

• Type of muscle that decrease angle between bones.
• Flexor
• Muscle contraction begins with
• Nerve impulse
• Two proteins found in skeletal muscles
• Actin and myosin

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Chapter 32.3 Integumentary System

• Objectives
• State the functions of the integumentary system
• Identify the structures of the integumentary
  system

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Integumentary System

• Function
• Communication of pain, pressure, temperature
• Protection of body
• Prevents dehydration
• Regulates body temperature
• Barrier for disease/infection
• Covers and holds in organs
• Removes waste products
• Barrier for suns UV rays

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Layers of the Skin

• Epidermis outermost layer
• -Two layers
• -Inner layer living cells
• -Outer layer dead cells
• -Contains
• -Keratin (waterproofing)
• -Melanocytes (produces pigment)

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Layers of Skin

• Dermis middle layer
• Irregular ridges between dermis and epidermis
  form fingerprints
• Contains
• -Hair follicles/roots
• -Sweat glands
• -Sebaceous (oil) glands
• -Arrector pili muscle
• -Nerves
• -Blood Vessels

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Layers of Skin

• Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer) Innermost layer
• Contains
• Adipose (fat) cells cushion,
• insulation, anchors skin, etc.
• Blood vessels temp. regulation,
• nutrients, etc.
• Nerves temp., pressure, pain

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An inside look at the skin!
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Derivatives of Skin

• Hair
• Dead epidermal cells
• Forms from bulb/root
• Nails
• Sheets of keratinized cells
• Forms from nail bed

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Fingerprints

• Fingerprint Identification

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Check-in

• Describe the two layers of the epidermis
• Inner layer of living cells and
• Outer layer of dead cells
• Cell that produces pigment (found in epidermis)
• Melanocyte
• Protein that waterproofs skin and forms hair and
  nails
• Keratin

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Check-in

• Describe what the structures of the dermis do
  when you are hot.
• Sweat glands produce sweat
• Blood vessels widen to bring more heat to surface
  of skin
• This part of the hypodermis cushions, insulates
  and helps to anchor skin
• Adipose cells

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Check-in

• Why do we have hair?
• Protect head from UV rays, insulation, prevent
  dirt from entering body
• Communicate pain, pressure, temperature to brain
• Nerves