Absolute%20Monarchs

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Absolute Monarchs

• In the Age of Absolutism

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Definitions

• Absolute Monarchy Form of government in which
  one person, usually a King or Queen holds all the
  power without constitutional checks
• Devine Right The belief that Monarchs get their
  right to rule from God.

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Philip II of Spain

• Son of Charles V
• Dutch Revolt
• Four Wives
• Spanish Armada 1588
• Armada is disaster
• Philip Vs. Elizabeth I
• Economic problems (costly wars and expulsion of
  Jews Muslims) lead to decline

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FRANCE

• 1560s-1590s Religious conflict between
  Catholics French protestants called Huguenots.
  Ended with Edict of Nantes granted Huguenots
  religious tolerance.
• Cardinal Richelieu strengthened central
  government in France built relationship between
  Catholic Church and King.

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Louis XIV of France

• Inherits throne at age 5
• Reigns for 72 years
• Known as the Sun King
• Built Versailles
• Spared no expense
• Economy dwindles
• Revoked Edict of Nantes
• Defines Absolute Monarch
• I am the state.

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Versailles
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Elizabeth I of England

• Daughter of Henry VIII
• Called the Virgin Queen
• Unmarried and childless
• Ruled England during The Golden Age
• Victory in Spanish Armada
• Expanded Protestantism

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England

• James I takes over after Elizabeth
• He believes in divine right and Kings claim to
  absolute power.
• Parliament fought with him over it.

• Charles I son of James, continues the course.
• Imprisoned without trial (Checkpoint ?)
• Dissolved parliament.

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The Long Parliament 1640-1653

• Declared parliament could not be destroyed
  without its own consent.
• Result was Civil War 1642-1651
• Charles I supporters Cavilers
• Parliament supporters Roundheads, their leader
  was Oliver Cromwell (Checkpoint ?)

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Englands Civil War

• Roundheads win.
• King Charles I is executed. (Checkpoint ?)
• English Republic established called, The
  Commonwealth
• Cromwell becomes a virtual dictator.
• He persecutes Catholics

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Return of the Monarchy

• The Commonwealth dies with Cromwell
• Englands kingless decade ended with the return
  of Charles II to the monarchy.

• James II inherited the crown from his brother in
  1685.
• Fears of James IIs Catholic ties forced
  Parliament to invite William and Mary (James
  daughter) to take the crown in 1688. (Checkpoint
  ?)

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Glorious Revolution

• When William and Mary were made joint sovereigns
  (1689), they agreed to an English Bill of Rights,
  which opened the road to constitutional monarchy.

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Thirty Years War

• Series of Wars brought on by religious conflicts
  of the Protestant Reformation.
• Peace and land distribution was established in
  the Treaty of Westphalia.

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AUSTRIA

• After 30yrs. War ( actually a series of wars
  throughout Europe ) German lands were divided in
  what once was The Holy Roman Empire
• The land of the Hapsburgs had never developed a
  centralized government.
• The first to strike was Frederick II of Prussia.
  That sparked the 8 year War of Austrian
  Succession.

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Maria Theresa of Austria

• Preserved the Austrian Empire when she came to
  rule at 56 years old.
• Famous children
• Joseph II, Leopold, Marie Antoinette.
• Vienna became a center for arts and music
• Reforms
• Educational
• Torture abolished

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Seven Years War

• The Seven Years' War was a conflict that pitted
  Britain and Prussia against Austria, France,
  Russia, and Spain. It was an extension of the War
  of Austria.
• During this time, Britain and France continued
  their long struggle for naval and colonial
  supremacy.

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Prussia

• After the Peace of Westphalia, Hohenzollern
  rulers formed a Protestant region called Prussia
  in Northern Germany.
• Frederick I Prussian leader that had loyalty of
  Prussian nobles called Junkers.
• He stressed militarism.

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Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia

• Personal interest in music and the arts
• Military emphasis
• Makes Prussia a great power
• Doubles area of country
• War with Austria
• Enlightened Reforms
• Religious tolerance
• Freedom of Press

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Peter the Great of Russia

• Traveled to Europe to study ways of West
• Westernized Russia
• Strengthened military
• Rebels were tortured and executed
• Expanded borders
• Baltic Sea port
• Develops St. Petersburg
• Window to the West

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Peters relationship with landowners.

• Boyars (Russias landowning nobles) were forced
  to shave beards and wear Western clothing.
• Peter allowed them to keep land and their serfs /
  slaves.
• Encouraged Russian exports, and set up trade
  companies and water routes with canals.

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Catherine the Great of Russia

• Came to power after the murder of her mentally
  unstable husband in 1762.
• Encouraged education.
• More peasants were forced into serfdom.
• Acquired warm-water port at the Black Sea.
• (which Peter couldnt do)

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Partition of Poland

• Between 1772 and 1795 the rulers of Austria,
  Russia, and Prussia agreed to split Poland
  amongst themselves.