Ecology

1
Ecology

• Community Interactions

2
Objectives

• Compare and Contrast interspecific and
  intraspecific competition.
• Describe three types of symbiosis.

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Standard

• The following standards will be addressed
• B-6.1

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KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals
and as populations.
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Community Interactions

• Some species enhance their chance of survival by
  forming relationships with other species.
• Types
• 1) Competition
• 2) Predation
• 3) Symbiotic Relationships

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Competition and predation are two important ways
inwhich organisms interact.

• Competition occurs when two organisms fight for
  thesame limited resource.
• Intraspecificcompetition
• Interspecificcompetition

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Competition

• Interspecific competition occurs when organisms
  of different species attempt to use an
  ecological resource in the same place at the same
  time.
• Intraspecific competion
• is when organisms of
• the same species
• attempt to use a
• resource at the same
• time.

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Adaptations to Avoid Competition

• Reduce niche size
• Natural selection among organisms
• Character displacement
• Example Finches on Galapagos Islands all eat the
  seeds from the small variety of plants on the
  islands, but the birds beak size determines the
  size of the seed that it can eat. This allows
  others to eat the seeds as well, just of
  different sizes.
• Immigration and Emigration of organisms
• Resource partitioning
• Using only a part of a resource sharing

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• Predation occurs when one organism captures and
  eats another.

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Adaptations to Avoid Predation

• Animal Adaptations
• Some organisms flee when a predator arrives.
• Some use mimicry or camouflage.
• Some use deceptive markings such as fake eyes.
• Some produce toxins.

• Plant Adaptations
• Plants cannot run away from predators.
• Some have sharp thorns, spines, sticky hairs, and
  tough leaves.
• Some have chemical defenses which are poisonous
  to predators.

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Community Interactions

• A symbiotic relationship is one in which two
  organisms live together (symbiosis)
• There are 3 types of symbiotic relationships
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism

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• There are three major types of symbiotic
  relationships.

• Mutualism both organisms benefit

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• There are three major types of symbiotic
  relationships.

• Commensalism one organism benefits, the other is
  unharmed

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• There are three major types of symbiotic
  relationships.

• Parasitism one organism benefits, the other is
  harmed

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• There are three major types of symbiotic
  relationships.

• Parasitism meet their needs as ectoparasites
  (such as leeches) and endoparasites (such as
  hookworms)