??(abacus)??????,

1
?1? ?????

• 1-1 ????????
• 1-2 ??????????
• 1-3 ??????????

2
1-1 ????????

• ???3000?
• ??(abacus)??????,
• ??????????????????????
• ????,?????????????

3
????????

• ??1642?
• ?????Blaise Pascal??????????Pascaline
• ??1801?
• Joseph-Marie Jacquard???Jacquard loom
• ??????????????????
• ?????(punched card)???????????
• ??1822?
• Charles Babbage????Difference Engine
• ?????????

4
????????

• ??1844?
• Samuel Morse???????????????
• ??1889?
• Herman Hollerith?????????????????????
• ??????,?????????????,??????????????!
• Herman Hollerith???1896?????Tabulating Machine
  Company,???1924?2?14?,?????IBM (International
  Business Machines Corporation)

5
????????

• ??1912?
• ??????????(the Institute of Radio Engineers)??
• ????1963???????????(the American Institute
  Electrical Engineers)????????????????????(the
  Institute of Electrical and Electronics
  Engineers,???IEEE,??EYE triple E)

6
????????

• ??1937?
• ????(Alan Turing)??????(Turing Machine)???
• ??1938?
• ????????William Hewlett?David Packard???Palo
  Alto??????Hewlett-Packard(HP)?????,???1939?????HP,
  ??????Hewlett-Packard?Packard-Hewlett???????
• ???2002??,HP????????Compaq??

7
Turing Machine

• Alan Turing????????, ??????Enigma??

8
Alan Turing Me

• H.A. Newton ? E.H. Moore (1885 Yale Univ.)
• ? Oswald Veblen (1903 U. of
  Chicago)
• ? Alonzo Church (1927
  Princeton)
• ? Bob Ritchie (1961
  Princeton)
• ? Webb Miller (1968
  Washington)
• ? Kun-Mao Chao (1993 Penn State)

????????????? http//www.genealogy.ams.org/html/id
.phtml?id84608
Alan Turing
9
Turing Award

• Nobel prize in computer science
• ACM's most prestigious technical award is
  accompanied by a prize of 100,000. It is given
  to an individual selected for contributions of a
  technical nature made to the computing community.
  The contributions should be of lasting and major
  technical importance to the computer field.
  Financial support of the Turing Award is provided
  by the Intel Corporation.
• ??1966???

10
Turing Award

• 2002 Winners Ronald L. Rivest,  
                         Adi Shamir,  
                         Leonard M. Adleman
• Donald Knuth 1974
• Steven Cook 1982
• Ken Thompson Dannis Ritchie
• ????????2000??, ??Turing Award

11
????????

• ??1939?
• John V. Atanasoff ?????Clifford
  Berry????????????????????????,??ABC(Atanasoff
  Berry Computer)
• ?????Konrad Zuse????????Z1?????????

12
????????

• ??1944?
• ?????IBM???,?????????????,??????(Mark
  I),??51??,??8??
• ??1945?
• John von Neumann?????????(stored
  program)???,?????????????????????????(1-2?????)

13
????????

• ??1946?
• ?????John. W. Mauchly?J. Presper Eckert,
  Jr.??????????(vacuum tube)?????????,??ENIAC(Electr
  onic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

14
????????

• ??1947?
• ??????????????????ACM(the Association for
  Computing Machinery)????????????????????????,?????
  ??????????????

15
????????

• ??1948?
• Richard Hamming???Hamming code,??????????????,????
  ?????????????
• ??1952?
• ????????Grace Murray Hopper?????????(compiler)A-0
  ?(?????????????????????????0?1???)

16
????????

• ??1956?
• William Bradford Shockley?John Bardeen?Walter
  Houser Brattain????????,?????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ??1957?
• John Backus?IBM?????????Fortran????????
• ??1959?
• Honeywell????????(transistor)?????????,??Honeywell
  400,????????(?????)????

17
????????

• ??1962?
• ????????????????????????(computer science
  departments)
• ????????????????????????(1970)
• ???????????????????(1977)
• ????????1988?????????
• ???????????,??????????????,??????????????
• MIT?Steve Russell????????????,????????????????
• ??1963?
• ???????????7???(bit)???ASCII(American Standard
  Code for Information Interchange),ASCII???????????
  ????

18
????????

• ??1964?
• IBM???????????(IC,Integrated Circuit)??????IBM
  360????
• Douglas Engelbart?????(mouse),?????????,??????????
  ?????,??????????????????,????????????,????????????
  ??!

19
????????

• ??1965?
• Multics?????
• ??1966?
• ?????????????????(Turing Award)????,??????,???????
  ??
• ??1968?
• Robert Noyce?Andrew Grove?Gordon
  Moore???Intel,??????????????????????,Pentium?Celer
  on?Xeon?Itanium????????????,?????????
• ??1970?
• Dennis Ritchie?Kenneth Thompson???Unix????(????196
  5??????????Multics????)?

20
????????

• ??1971?
• Niklaus Wirth???Pascal????
• Ray Tomlinson???????email?

Vacuum tubes (???)
transistor (???)
IC (Integrated Circuit ????)
VLSI
21
????????

• ??1972?
• Dennis Ritchie???C????
• ??1975?
• ???????(PC,personal computer)??,??Altair 8800
• IBM????????????

22
????????

• ??1976?
• ???????(supercomputer)??,??Cray-1
• IBM????????????
• Steve Jobs?Steve Wozniak???????(Apple I)
• ??1977?
• Steve Jobs?Steve Wozniak?????????(Apple
  Computer),???????????????(Apple II,?1-11)
• Bill Gates?Paul Allen?????(Microsoft),????????????
  ??,?Bill Gates???????????
• ???????
• ??Prof. Steven Rudich ??? ppt ps pdf
  video

23
????????

• ??1978?
• Ron Rivest?Adl Shamir?Leonard Adelman??????RSA????
  ???
• Intel???????16??????8086?8088,??8088?IBM
  PC???????????(Central Processing Unit,??CPU)

24
RSA encryption --- 1978
Rivest
Shamir
Adleman
25
????????????????????e.g., 143 ? 11 x 13
RSA factorization challenges
Challenge Number Prize (US) Challenge Number Prize (US)
RSA-576 10,000 RSA-896 75,000
RSA-640 20,000 RSA-1024 100,000
RSA-704 30,000 RSA-1536 150,000
RSA-768 50,000 RSA-2048 200,000
26
US10,000 RSA-576

• 18819881292060796383869723946165043980716356337941
  38270076335642298885971523466548531906060650474304
  53173880113033967161996923212057340318795506569962
  1305168759307650257059

27
US200,000 RSA-2048

• 25195908475657893494027183240048398571429282126204
  03202777713783604366202070759555626401852588078440
  69182906412495150821892985591491761845028084891200
  72844992687392807287776735971418347270261896375014
  97182469116507761337985909570009733045974880842840
  17974291006424586918171951187461215151726546322822
  16869987549182422433637259085141865462043576798423
  38718477444792073993423658482382428119816381501067
  48104516603773060562016196762561338441436038339044
  14952634432190114657544454178424020924616515723350
  77870774981712577246796292638635637328991215483143
  81678998850404453640235273819513786365643912120103
  97122822120720357

28
?/?????

• www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/challenges/factoring/

29
????????

• ??1982?
• ??(Time)?????????????
• ??1984?
• ??(Sony)????(Philips)???CD-ROM,???????????????????
  
• ??1989?
• Tim Berners-Lee???????(WWW,World Wide Web)???
• Intel???80486(??????????),??486

30
????????

• ??1990?
• WWW????,????????,WWW?????,??????????,????????????

31
????????

• ??1991?
• ???????????Linus Torvalds(?????????),??Unix??????,
  ???????????Linux(Linus Unix),?????Linux???Window
  s??,?????????
• ??1994?
• ????????????Netscape(??)??
• ????David Filo????Yahoo!????

32
????????

• ??1995?
• James Gosling????????????JAVA????
• ??1997?
• IBM????????????????????Garry Kasparov
• ???????
• ??1998?
• ????Google??,???????????????Larry Page ? Sergey
  Brin

33
????????

• ??2001?
• Windows XP??
• Home Edition?Professional????
• XP?eXPerience???,????
• ?????
• ?????
• ?????
• ??2003?
• Intel Centrino????????
• ????
• ????
• ????
• ??2004?
• Google??,??????????

34
1-2 ????????

• ???????(von Neumann Model)
• ??????????????(stored program)???

35
von Neumann

• ?????????

36
1-3 ??????????

• ????
• ???
• ????
• ????
• ???????
• ????
• ??????

37
?????????

1. ??????????
2. ???????????
3. ???????????????(????????????????)?
4. ??????????????????????
5. ?????