??G??????????S ??????????

1
??G??????????S ??????????

• ??af????ta? st?? f?s????????? ?d??t?te? t?? ?e???
  (eµf???s? ?e???) ?a? e?t?µ??ta? ?p??e?µe????,
  a??? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?a? a???µ?t???? t?µ?? ??a
  ?a??te?? a???????s? t?? ap?te?esµ?t?? e??????
• ???µa
• ?sµ?
• Ge?s?
• T??e??t?ta

2
F?S?????????S ??????????(se s??s? µe t? f?s???
s?stas? t?? ?e???)

• pH
• ?????µ?t?ta
• ???a????t?ta
• ???????ta
• ????t??
• Te????
• Te?µ???as?a

• ?sß?st??
• ?a???s??
• ??t???
• ?????
• S?????t?ta
• ??a??µ??? ???????
• Ste?e?

3
?????????? ??? ?F????? ?????T?????S ??S??S

• (?ta? ß??s???ta? se ?pe?ß????? p?s?t?ta)
• ???a????? e??se??
• ??p?-??a?a-????t??a?a
• Fa????e?
• ?p????pa?t???
• T?ept??? s?tat???- e??se?? a??t?? ?a? f?sf????
• ?????a?e? e??se?? ?d???e??, ?e????e? e??se??, ?,
  f???????e? , ????st???e?a (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ba)

4
??????S ??????????

• ßa??a µ?ta??a (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, V, Ni)
• As, Se, Te
• ??a?????e? e??se?? (CN-)
• ?a?as?t??t??a ?a? e??µ????µe?a p?????ta
  e?t?µ??t??a, ???a????t??a, µ???t??t??a,
  p?????????µ??a d?fa?????a (PCBs)
• ???????????? a??µat???? ?d?????????a?e? - PAHs

5
??????????G???S ??????????

• O? de??t?? µ????ß????????? µ????s?? (pa???s?a
  pa??????? µ???????a??sµ??) ???s?µ?p??e?ta? t?
  ????ßa?t???d?? e?de??t???? ???a??sµ?? (indicator
  organism)
• S?µp????µat??? p??sd???????ta? e?te????????,
  sa?µ????e? ?a? ???a pa?????a µ????ß?a

6
??G??????????S ??????????

• ??af????ta? st?? f?s????????? ?d??t?te? t?? ?e???
  (eµf???s? ?e???) ?a? e?t?µ??ta? ?p??e?µe????,
  a??? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ?a? a???µ?t???? t?µ?? ??a
  ?a??te?? a???????s? t?? ap?te?esµ?t?? e??????
• ???µa
• ?sµ?
• Ge?s?
• T??e??t?ta

• ?? µ? d?a???? ???µa, ? d?s??est? ?e?s? ?a? ?sµ?
  ?a? ? a???µ??? ???e??t?ta ap?te???? ??de???
  ??pa?s?? ? µ????s??

7
??G??????????S ??????????1. ??O??(st? p?s?µ?
?e?? a?s??t??? a?ep???µ?t?)

• ?fe??eta? ?????e?d? ?a? d?a??µ??e? ??s?e?
  f?s???? p????e?s?? (???µ??? ???a, p?a??t??,
  t??f?, µeta????? ???ta s?d???? ? µa??a????) ? se
  te???t?? ???st???? ??s?e? (???? ß??µ??a????
  ap?ß??ta p.?. ßafe???)
• ?µµes?? de??t?? ßa?µ?? ??pa?s??- ?a??st? ta ?e??
  a?at?????a ??a p?s? ?a? ???e? ???se??
• eµp?d??e? d???e?s? t?? f?t?? ?a? ? f?t?s???es?
• fa???µe?? ???µa- apparent color (????? ?a ??e?
  p??????e? d????s?) a?????? ???µa- true color
  (???µa µet? ap? d????s?)
• ???sd????sµ?? t?? ??tas?? ? t?µ?? ???µat??
• S?????t??? ?pt??? µ???d? (visual comparison
  method)
• Fasµat?f?t?µet???? µ???d? (spectrophotometric)
• ? ?d???a 98/83/?? ????e? pa?aµet???? t?µ?
  ap?de?t? st??? ?ata?a??t?? ?a? ??e? as???????
  µetaß????

8
??G??????????S ??????????2. Ge?s?/ 3.?sµ?
(taste/odor) ?p??e?µe????? pa??µet???-

• (?e??)
• Ge?s?
• e?????st? ?e?s? ?fe??eta? st? ?2, CO2, ?a? sta
  d?sa???a???? ??ata
• ?s??µ? ?fe??eta? se pe??e??µe?e? ???e? ??s?e?
  fa????e?, ??????, s?p?µe?e? ??s?e?,
  µ???????a??sµ???, µeta????? ???ta
• ?sµ?
• pt?t???? e??se?? p?? d?µ????????ta? ap? t??
  ap?d?µ?s? ???a????? ????
• p?????ta d??ß??s?? µet?????
• ??µ???? ß??µ??a????? ?a? ?e??????? p????e?s??.
• ??t?µet?p?s?
• ap?µa??????ta? ?ta? t? ?e?? pe??se? ap? st???
  e?e???? ????a?a

9
??G??????????S ??????????2. Ge?s?/ 3.?sµ?
(taste/odor)

• ?st??? ??µata
• ?sµ?
• ?fe??eta? se pt?t???? e??se?? p?? pe??????ta? sta
  ??µata ? d?µ????????ta? ap? t?? ap?d?µ?s?
  ???a????? ???? se a?ae??ß?e? s?????e?.
• ?? ?d???e?? p????pte? ap? t?? a?ae??ß?a µeta??p?
  t?? ?e????.
• ?µ??e?, aµµ???a, µe??apt??e?, s?at???
  (3-µe????-??d????)
• St?? e??atast?se?? epe?e??as?a? ??µ?t?? ?? ?µ??
  p?? e?????ta? ap?te???? s?ßa?? p??ß??µa.

10
??s?t???? p??sd????sµ?? Ge?s??/ ?sµ?? (µe t?
µ???d? d?ad?????? a?a??se??)
????da µ?t??s?? t?? ?e?s?? ?e??e?ta? t? ?at?f??
?e?s?? T.T.NThreshhold Taste Number. ????da
µ?t??s?? t?? ?sµ?? ?e??e?ta? t? ?at?f?? ?sµ??
T.O.N Threshhold Odor Number  ? p??sd????sµ??
t??? pe???aµß??e? t?? d?ad????? a?a??s? t??
de??µat?? µe ?e?? ??sµ? (??e?st?) µ????? ?t?? ?a
µ?? µp??e? ?a ???e? d?af???p???s? µeta?? t??
?e??? a?a??s?? ?a? t?? a?a??µ???? de??µat??.
T.O.N
?p?? ? mL de??µat?? ?a? ? mL ??sµ?? ?e??? ?
µ?t??s? ???eta? se d?? ?e?µ???as?e?, st??? 12oC
?a? 25oC, µe e?de??t???? t?µ?? ?.?.? ??a t?
p?s?µ? ?e?? 2 ?a? 3 a?t?st???a (?d???a 80/778/??)
.
? ?d???a 98/83/?? ????e? pa?aµet???? t?µ?
ap?de?t? st??? ?ata?a??t?? ?a? ??e? as???????
µetaß????
11
??G??????????S ??????????4. T??e??t?ta
(turbidity)

• ?fe??eta? se a?????µe?a s?µat?d?a ap? ???a????? ?
  a????a?e? e??se?? - f?t????? ? ???????
  ???a??sµ??? (s?µat?d?a ?????, ?d???e?d??? t??
  s?d???? ?a? a???????, d???e?d?? t?? p???t???,
  p?a??t??, ?.a.)
• ? p??sd????sµ?? ßas??eta? st? s??das? t?? f?t??
  ap? ta a?????µe?a s?µat?d?a (?efe??µet??a).
• µ???de? N.T.U. (Nefelometric Turbidity Units).
  ?e???e? t?µ?? ???e??t?ta? gt10 ?a??st??? t? ?e??
  a?at?????? p??? p?s?.
• ????µ??? ???e??t?ta ? pe?????sµ? d???e?s?? f?t??
  ?a? ? t?? f?t?s???es??
• ??de??? e?t??f?sµ?? se ?e?? ??µ??? ?a? ?a?ass??
• ? ?d???a 98/83/?? ????e? pa?aµet???? t?µ?
  ap?de?t? st??? ?ata?a??t?? ?a? ??e? as???????
  µetaß????
• ? ?ata????s? ?e??? µe ????t?ta µp??e? ?a e??a?
  ep????d??? 1) ? ap???µa?s? de? e??a?
  ap?te?esµat???- 2) ep?ß?aße?? ??s?e? ap????f??ta?
  st?? ep?f??e?a.
• ??t?µet?p?s? ?a????s? , d????s?

12
F?S?????????S ??????????(s??s? µe t? f?s???
s?stas? t?? ?e???)

• pH
• ?????µ?t?ta
• ???a????t?ta
• ???????ta
• ????t??
• Te????
• Te?µ???as?a

• ?sß?st??
• ?a???s??
• ??t???
• ?????
• S?????t?ta
• ??a??µ??? ???????
• Ste?e?
• ????e?d?? t?? ????a?a

13
F?S?????????S ??????????Te?µ???as?a

• S?µa?t??? pa??µet??? t?s? st?? pe??ßa????t????
  µe??te? ?dat???? ????s?st?µ?t?? ?s? ?a? st?
  d?a?e???s? ????? ap?ß??t??.
• 12 oC e?de??t??? - 25 oC a??tat? ap?de?t? ??a t?
  p?s?µ? ?e??
• s?µa?t??? ep?d?as? se ??e? t?? ??µ????
  a?t?d??se?? (ß????????? ?a? µ?) ?a? se f?s???
  fa???µe?a (d?µ??????a ?e?µ?t??, ???????s? t??
  ?e???, st? d?aß??s? ?d??ß??? ???a??sµ??)
• ta ep?t?ept? ???a ?e?µ???as?a? t?? ?????
  ap?ß??t?? ???µ????ta? ??µ??et???.
• ??a ap? t?? ????e? µ??f?? ??pa?s?? t??
  ep?fa?e?a??? ?e??? e??a? ? ?e?µ??? ??pa?s?

14
Te?µ??? ??pa?s? ?d?t???? S?st?µat??

• Te?µ??? ??pa?s? ? a???s? t?? ?e?µ???as?a? t??
  ?e??? (?????? ep?fa?e?a???) ap? t?? ap???te?s?
  ?e?µ?? ?e??? p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ?? ?e?? ?????
  e??atast?se?? (e?e??e?a??? ?a? ?????) ß??µ??a????
• ?p?pt?se??
• 1) µe??s? t?? s?????t??s?? d?a??µ???? ????????
  ???? t?? ep?t????s?? ß??ap?d?µ?s?? ???a?????
  ????,
• 2) µe??s? t?? d?a??t?t?ta? t?? ????????,
• 3) µe??s? t?? d????s?? ???????? sta ?at?te?a
  st??µata
• S???pe?e? ?sf???a ?a? ???at??, a??µa??e? st??
  a?apa?a???? ?a? µetaß???sµ?, a??pt??? e??? e?d???
  se ß???? ?????, e?a?s??s?a se t?????? ??e?

15
F?S?????????S ??????????pH (e?e???? ???t?ta)

• s?µa?t??? pa??µet??? e?????? t?? ?e??? ?a? t??
  ????? ap?ß??t??
• pH apesta?µ???? ?e??? -ß????? 5.6
• pH ???assa? 7.2-7.4
• pH ep?fa?e?a??? ?e??? e?af?? a??a???? ?ta?
  d????eta? ap? asßest???a pet??µata e?af?? ?????
  ?ta? d????eta? ap? p???t??? 4lt pHlt9
• pH ast???? ??µ?t?? 7.5-8.4
• ta ep?t?ept? ???a pH t?? ????? ap?ß??t??
  ???µ????ta? ??µ??et??? 6.5-8.5 ?p??e? ?a
  ep??e?se? ta s?st?µata ß????????? epe?e??as?a?.
• ?? pH ß??s?eta? se ?µes? s????t?s? µe t? ??µ???
  µ??f? t?? e??se?? st? ?e??

16
?????µ?t?ta (conductivity)(µ?t?? t?? ??a??t?ta?
e??? ?dat???? d?a??µat?? ?a µetaf??e? ??e?t????
?e?µa)

• pa???e? p????f???e? ??a
• t?? p???t?ta t?? ?e???,
• t? p?s?t?ta d?a??µ???? a??t?? ?a?
• ??a t? ßa?µ? ??pa?s??
• e?d??? a????µ?t?ta, ? se µmhos.cm-1 (µS .cm-1 )
• ? e?d??? a????µ?t?ta ?a?a??? ß????? 20-50
  µmhos.cm-1, e?? ß????? se pe?????? µe a???µ???
  ??pa?s? ??? ?a? 500 µmhos.cm-1
• ??s?µ? ?e?? e?de??t??? t?µ? 400µmhos.cm-1
• ???µ??a???? ??µata ? t?µ? µp??e? ?a f??se? ???
  ?a? 10.000 µS cm-1
• ?µpe????? s?s??t?s? e?d???? a????µ?t?ta? ?a?
  ?????? d?a??µ???? ste?e??
• TDS (mg.L-1) k.f f s??te?est?? 0,54-0,9

17
?????µ?t?ta (conductivity)
??d??? ?????µ?t?ta µS .cm-1 ????? d?a??µ??a ste?e? mg.L-1
?e?? ß????? 15 10
?p?fa?e?a?? 50-1500 100-1000
?f??µ??? 1.600- 4.8000 1.000-3.000
Ta??ss?? 51.500 35.000

• ? ?d???a 98/83/?? ????e? ?? pa?aµet???? t?µ? 2500
  µS .cm-1

18
Ste?e?

• ?a d?a??µ??a ? ad????ta ste?e? sta ?e??
  ep??e????? t? ???s? t?? ?e???-?a d?a??µ??a ?
  ad????ta ste?e? sta ???? ap?ß??ta ep??e????? t?
  d?a?e???s? ?a? epe?e??as?a t???.
• ????? Ste?e? (Total SolidsTS)
• ????? ??????µe?a Ste?e? (Total Suspended
  SolidsTSS)
• ????? ??a??µ??a Ste?e? (Total Dissolved
  SolidsTDS)
• ?a???????ta ste?e? (Settleable Solids)

19
????? Ste?e? (TS)t? ?p??e?µµa µet? ap? e??tµ?s?
de??µat?? ?e???

• ???a? t? s????? t?? ste?e?? st? de??µa ?a?
  p??sd???????ta? µe ????s? t?? ?p??e?µµat??
  ???sµ???? ????? de??µat?? µet? ap? ???a?s? st???
  105 ?C se mg/L. St? s????e?a µe p???s? st??? 550
  ?C p??sd???????ta? ta pt?t??? ste?e? (?VS) ?a? t?
  sta?e?? ?p??e?µµa (?FS)
• ? p??sd????sµ?? t??? pa???e? p????f???e? ??a t?
  ep?ped? ep?ß????s?? t?? ap?d??t?. ?p?t?µ? a???s?
  de???e? ap???te?s? (pa????µ?) ast???? ??µ?t?? ?
  ß??µ??a????? ap?ß??t??.

20
????? ??????µe?a Ste?e?(TSS)

• ???a????? ?a? a????a?e? ??s?e? µe µ???? µ??e??? lt
  10-3 mm de? ?a????????.
• ? p??sd????sµ?? t??? s?µa?t???? st? d?a?e???s?
  ????? ap?ß??t?? ??at? ap?te?e? µ?t?? e?????? t??
  ap?d?s?? µ???d?? epe?e??as?a?. Sta ?e??
  d?µ???????? ????t?ta a?s??t??? ?p?ß??µ?s?,
  pe?????sµ? t?? d???e?s?? t?? f?t?? (?
  f?t?s???es??).
• ???sµ???? ????? d???e?ta? µe f??t?? 0.45µ µe
  ß???e?a ?e??? ?a? ???a??eta? st??? 105 ?C,
  ?????eta? e?f???eta? se mg/L.
• Me p???s? st??? 550 ?C p??sd???????ta? ta VSS ?a?
  FSS
• G?????? µ?t??s? t?? TSS ???eta? ?efe??µet????
  (µ???de? ??U)

21
????? ??a??µ??a Ste?e? (TDS)

• ??d????ta a????a?a ??ata (??ata a??a????,
  ????????a, ?e????, ??t???? ??t??d? ?.a.). ?a
  p??ß??µata ?fe????ta? sta f?s??? ?a?a?t???st???
  t?? a??t??.
• F?s??? ?a? a????p??e?? p????e?s?
• ???sµ???? ????? d???e?ta? µe f??t?? 0.45µ. ??
  d????µa ???a??eta? st??? 105 ?C, ?????eta? t?
  ?p??e?µµa e?f???eta? se mg/L.
• Me p???s? st??? 550 ?C p??sd???????ta? ta VDS ?a?
  FDS
• G?????? µ?t??s? ???eta? µe t? µ?t??s? t?? e?d????
  a????µ?t?ta?
• TDS (mg.L-1) k.f f s??te?est?? 0,54-0,9

22
?a???????ta Ste?e?

• Ste?e? p?? ?a???????? se s?????e? ??eµ?a?
• ? p??sd????sµ?? t??? ???eta? ????µet???? se
  ßa?µ???µ?µ??? ???a?? (f???? Imhoff). ?? de??µa
  af??eta? ?a ??eµ?se? 1hr - se ml/L
• S??µat????? p??µe???? ??? - f??ss??? t?
  ep?fa?e?a?? st??µa t?? ed?f??? - ap?t??e?ta? se
  a?de?t???? de?aµe???, a??????
• ???s?µ?p??e?ta? st? s?ed?asµ? ?a? t?? a???????s?
  t?? de?aµe??? ?a????s??

23
F?S?????????S ?????????? S?????t?ta

• ?a??µet??? p?? p??sd?????e? t? ???s? t?? ?e???
• Ofe??eta? sta d?s?e?? ?at???ta (Ca2, Mg2, Fe2,
  Mn2)
• O? s?????t?ta t?? ?e??? ????eta? ?? t? ?????sµa
  t?? s???e?t??se?? t?? asßest??? ?a? µa???s???
• ??f???eta?
• se ?s?d??aµ? p?s?t?ta CaCO3, d??ad? se mg CaCO3/L
  ?e???
• se ppm ?s?d??aµ?? p?s?t?ta? CaCO3.
• ?e?µa????? ßa?µ?? s?????t?ta? (1 d0)
  a?t?p??s?pe?e? 10 mg CaO a?? ??t?? ?e???.
• ?a?????? ßa?µ?? s?????t?ta? (1 f0) a?t?p??s?pe?e?
  10 mg CaCO3 a?? ??t?? ?e???.
• 1 mg CaCO3 1ppm CaCO3 0,1 f0 0,056 d0

24
F?S?????????S ?????????? S?????t?ta

• ??a????eta? se µ???µ? ?a? pa??d???
• ? pa??d??? ? a???a???? s?????t?ta ?fe??eta?
  sta e?d????ta ????a a???a???? ??ata t?? asßest???
  ?a? t?? µa???s???.
• Ca(HCO3)2 ? CaCO3? CO2? H2O
• ? µ???µ? s?????t?ta ? µ? a???a???? s?????t?ta
  t?? ?e??? ?fe??eta? sta ????????a ?a? ta ?e????
  ??ata t?? asßest??? ?a? t?? µa???s???.
• ?? s????? t?? pa??d???? ?a? t?? µ???µ??
  s?????t?ta? ap?te?e? t?? ????? s?????t?ta

25
S?????t?ta

• ? p??sd????sµ?? t?? s?????t?ta? ???eta? µe
  s?µp????µet???? ????µ?t??s? t?? ?at???t?? µe
  d????µa EDTA pa???s?a de??t? EBT (µ??a? e??????µa
  ?)
• ?p?s?? µp??e? ?a ?p?????s?e? ef?s?? e??a? ???st??
  ?? s???e?t??se?? t?? ?at???t?? sta ?p??a
  ?fe??eta? ap? ??µ??? a????s? se de??µa ?e???.
• St?? a?a??se?? ?e??? p??sd???????ta? ta ????a
  a????ta ?a? ?at???ta ?a? ??? ?? e??se??
  a?t?d??aµa se mg/L ? µg/L. ?a ap?te??sµata
  e?f?????ta? se meq/L (?a??????t?ta, ?).
• ? ????? s?????t?ta se mg CaCO3/L ?e??? d??eta?
  ap? t? s??s? ?? 50 Ca Mg a? ?? s???e?t??se??
  d?d??ta? se meq/L

26
F?S?????????S ?????????? S?????t?ta

• ?? ?e?? µe ????? s?????t?ta
• 0-60 mg CaCO3/L - µa?a?? ?e??
• 60-120 mg CaCO3/L - µ?t??a s?????,
• 120-200 mg CaCO3/L - s?????
• gt200 mg CaCO3/L - p??? s?????
• G?a t? p?s?µ? ?e?? ? s?????t?ta 80-150 mg CaCO3/L
  (e????st? 60) s?µf??a µe t?? ?d???a 98/83/??
  ??a ap?s?????µ??a ?e??.

27
S?????t?ta

• S????? ?e?? µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? ?? p?s?µ? a?
  e??a? a?????-de? ??e? ?a?? ?e?s?
• ep?d?µ????????? µe??te? de?????? s?s??t?s? µeta??
  a???µ???? s?????t?ta? ?a? µe??s?? eµf???s??
  ?a?d?a??e?a??? pa??se??.
• ??at?????? ??a p??s?µ? ??at? eµp?d??eta? ?
  af??sµ?? t?? sap????
• ??at?????? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? st? ß??µ??a??a
  (ap??es? a???a????? a??t?? se ??ß?te? s????e?,
  ??p.)

28
?fa??es? s?????t?ta? µe ??µ??? ?ataß???s?

• ? ap?s??????s? t?? ?e??? ap?ß??pe? st??
  ap?µ?????s? (e??tt?s? t?? s?????t??s??) t??
  ???t?? Ca2 ?a? Mg2 µe d??f??e? µe??d???
  (??µ????, ???t?e?a??a??, a?t?st??f? ?sµ?s?)
• ?? µa???s?? ap?µa????eta? µe t? µ??f? Mg(OH)2
  e?? t? asß?st?? ?a? ta HCO3- ?? a???a????
  asß?st?? CaCO3
• Ca2 CO3-2 ? CaCO3 (s)
• Mg2 2??- ? Mg(OH)2 (s)
• ? e??tt?s? t?? s?????t??s?? t?? a???a?????
  asßest??? ep?t?????eta? µe a???s? t?? pH st??
  t?µ? 10,3 ?a? t?? µa???s??? st?? t?µ? 10,8-11,0
• ?? t? ?e?? pe????e? µ? a???a???? (µ???µ?)
  s?????t?ta ??a ?a p???????? ??a ta CO3-2 p??
  apa?t???ta? ??a t?? ?ataß???s? ???? t?? ???t??
  Ca2, ???eta? p??s???? s?da? Na2CO3.

29
Ap?s??????s? t?? ?e???

• ????d?? µe asß?st? ?a? s?da.
• ? te????? a?t? ???eta? se d?? st?d?a
• Ca(HCO3)2 Ca(OH)2 ? 2CaCO3 ? 2H2O
• CaCl2 Na2CO3 ? CaCO3? 2NaCl
• CaSO4 Na2CO3 ? CaCO3 ? ? Na2SO4

30
Ap?s??????s? t?? ?e???

• ????d?? µe ?a?st??? ??t??? ?a? s?da
• ? µ???d?? a?t? efa?µ??eta? st?? pe??pt?se?? p?? ?
  pa??d??? ?a? ? µ???µ? s?????t?ta e??a? sta ?d?a
  ep?peda. ? ap?s??????s? ???eta? s?µf??a µe t??
  a?t?d??se??
• Ca(HCO3)22NaOH?CaCO3? Na2CO3 2H2O
• CaCl2 Na2CO3 ? CaCO3 ? 2NaCl

31
??sa ???t?e?a??a???

• ?p?????? t?s? f?s??? ?s? ?a? s???et??? ?????
  ???t?e?a??a???. ?a f?s??? ????? (?e??????) ?ta?
  ta p??ta ????? p?? ???s?µ?p??????a? µe ep?t???a
  ??a t?? ap?s??????s? t?? ?e??? se ß??µ??a????
  ???µa?a, e?? s?µe?a ????? s?ed?? ep???at?se? ??
  ???a????? s???et???? ??t??e?, e?a?t?a? t?? ??????
  ap?d?se?? ?a? t?? e?e???µe??? ?d??t?t?? t???.
• ? epe?e??as?a µe t? µ???d? a?t?, p?a?µat?p??e?ta?
  µe ???s? ?ata?????? st???? ?? ?p??e? p???????ta?
  µe ???t?e?a????t?. ??sa ap? t?? st??e? d????eta?
  t? ?e??, ? ???t?e?a????t?? desµe?e? ta p???
  ap?µ?????s? ???ta ?a? st? t???? a?a?e???ta? ??a
  ?a epa?a???s?µ?p????e?. St?? s?s?e??? t??
  ???t?e?a??a??? a?ta???sseta? ??a ??? µe ??p???
  ????, ??ate?ta? p??s????? st? µ?s? ?a? ?at?p??
  ape?e??e???eta? st? d????µa a?a?????s??.

32
St??e? ???t?e?a??a???
33
F?s??? ????? ???t?e?a??a??? -?e??????

• ?? ?e??????, f?s???? ?a? s???et????, e??a?
  ???sta????? a????a?a p???µe?? ????? p?? ? d?µ????
  s?e?et?? t??? s??µat??e? ?a?a?t???st???? ?p??.
• ????? t? µ??f? p???d??? ?????, ? ?p???? µe ?s????
  ???µa?s? ?d??e? st? ß?asµ? t?? ?e??? p?? ??e?
  s????at?se? (?e?????? p?????eta? ap? t?? ???e??
  ???? ?a? ?????).
• ???a? a??????p???t???? e??se??, ?? ???sta???? t??
  ?p???? ap?te????ta? ap? tet??ed?a SiO44-, se
  µe???? ap? ta ?p??a t? Si4 ??e? a?t??atasta?e?
  ap? Al3. ?a tet??ed?a (Si,Al)O4-4 e?????ta?
  µeta?? t??? (µe ta ????? ??????a t?? ????f??
  t???) ?a? s??µat????? p???ed?a, d?µ???????ta?,
  a?????a µe t?? t??p? s??des?? t???, t??sd??stata
  p???µata µe d?a????? (channels) ? ?????t?te?
  (cavities) e?t?? t?? ?p???? s????at???ta?,
  s?????? ?a?a??, µ???a ?e??? ?a? ?at???ta (??????
  Ca, Na, K), ?p? a?ta?????µ? µ??f?

34
????d?? ?e??????
?p?µ?????s? asßest????at? t? d???e?s? t?? ?e???,
µ?sa ap? µ?a st??? ?e??????, ???eta?
???t?e?a??a?? t?? ???t?? Na µe ta ???ta Ca2 .?
?e?????? µet? t? ???s? t?? µp??e? ?a a?a?e????e?
µe ?ate??as?a µe p???? d????µa ??????????
?at????.
35
????d?? ???t?e?a??a?t???? ??t????.

• p???µe?? ????? ???a????? f?s?? µe p???d? s?e?et?,
  p??? st?? ?p??? e??a? ?a?a?? s??dedeµ??e? ????e?
  (?) ? ßas???? (??-) ?µ?de?.
• ??ta??a?? ?at???t??
• CaSO4 2???t??? ? ?2S?4 Ca2 ??t???
• NaCl ???t??? ? HCl Na ??t???
• ??ta??a?? a????t??
• ?2S?4 2O?-??t??? ? 2?2O S?4-2 ??t???
• HCl O?-??t??? ? ?2O Cl- ??t???

36
F?S?????????S ?????????? ???????ta

• ????a ?at?????a a????a??? s?stat???? t?? f?s????
  ?d?t?? ? s?????t??s? t??? p?????e? a?????a µe t??
  ?at?????a ?a? t?? p????e?s? t?? ?e???
• ? pa???s?a t?? ???????t?? sta ?data ?a?????e? t?
  ???s? t??? (p?s?µ?, ??de?s??, ?e?? ??a
  ß??µ??a???? ???s?)
• ? s?????t??s? t??? sta ast??? ??µata ?a? ta
  st?a???sµata ste?e?? ap????µ?t?? e??a? s?et???
  µe????.
• ????µ??e? s???e?t??se?? sta ?p??e?a ?data e??a?
  s?ßa?? ??de??? ??pa?s?? ap? ?????? te?????
  d???es?? ste?e?? ap?ß??t??, ? ap? e?s???
  ?a??ss??? ?e???, ? d????te?s? ast???? ??µ?t??.
• ?e?? p?? pe????e? s?????t??s? gt 250 mg/L ap??t?
  a?µ??? ?e?s?.
• S???e?t??se?? p??? ap? 200 mg/L st? p?s?µ? ?????
  d?sµe?e?? ep?pt?se??

37
F?S?????????S ?????????? ?sß?st??

• ???a? t? de?te?? se s?????t??s? s?stat??? t??
  f?s???? ?e???. ??s???eta? st? ?e?? ap? d??f??a
  pet??µata, ?p?? asßest????? (CaCO3), d???µ?t?
  (CaCO3.MgCO3), ???? (CaSO4.2H2O), f????????
  asß?st?? (CaF2) ?.a.
• ? s?????t??s? st? p?s?µ? ?e?? 10-100 mg/L.
• ?e?? p?? pe????e? 40-100 mg/L asß?st?? ?e??e?ta?
  s????? ??? p??? s?????.
• apa?a?t?t? st???e?? t?? d?at??f?? t?? ???t??
  ???a??sµ?? (a????p??-????, f?t??)

38
F?S?????????S ?????????? ????t??

• t? p?? d?aded?µ??? st???e?? (µet? t? ???????)
• pa??? s?ed?? se ??a ta pet??µata ?a? ?e??.
• ?? (SiO44-) e??a? ? ????a µ??f? t?? sta d??f??a
  ????t?.
• µetaf??eta? sta ?e?? se µ??f? ?????e?d??? ?
  ???t?? µe t? µ??f? p???t???? ????? (H4SiO4) ?
  ?d???e?d??? t?? p???t??? (Si(OH)4).
• ? s?????t??s? t?? d?a??t?? p???t??? e?f???eta? ??
  ?s?d??aµ? p?s?t?ta d???e?d??? t?? p???t???, SiO2
  (silica) se mg/L.
• ???sd?????eta? fasµat?f?t?µet???? µe
  µ???ßda????? aµµ????.

39
F?S?????????S ?????????? Te????

• ?????? d?aded?µ??a sta f?s??? ?e?? s?stat???
  p????? ????t??.
• ???sd?d??? d?s??est? ?sµ? ?a? ?e?s?
• ??a ap? ta p?? s???? ???s?µ?p????µe?a
  a?t?d?ast???a st? ß??µ??a??a e??a? t? ?e???? ???,
  ? ?e?????? s?d???? ?a? ???a ?e????a ?a? ?e????
  ??ata.
• ?a ?e???? ??ata t?? asßest??? ?a? µa???s??? ?????
  ?pa?t??? d??s?
• ? µ???st? ep?t?ept? s?????t??s? st? p?s?µ?
  ?e??250 mg/L.
• ? ?pa??? ae??ß??? s??????? e???e? t? µetat??p?
  t?? ?e?????? se ?e????, e?? a?ae??ß?e? s?????e?
  t?? µetat??p? ?e????? p??? ?e????a

40
F?S?????????S ?????????? ?a???s??

• St? ?e?? e?s???eta? ap? d???µ?t??? (CaCO3.MgCO3)
  ?a? ap? d??f??a p???t??? ?a? a?????p???t???
  pet??µata.
• ? s?????t??s? t?? Mg st? p?s?µ? ?e?? 4-40 mg/L.
• ? s?????t?ta t?? ?e??? ?fe??eta? ?????? st?
  µa???s?? ?a? t? asß?st??
• apa?a?t?t? st?? a????p??? ???a??sµ?
• s???st?µe?? ?µe??s?a d?s? e??????? e??a? 250 mg
• ? pa???s?a µa???s??? st? ?e?? e??a? ep???µ?t? ?a?
  sta ?e?? ??de?s?? ??at? e??a? apa?a?t?t? ??ept???
  s?stat??? t?? f?t?? ?a? ?e?t????e? ??
  edaf?ße?t??t???.
• Se µe???e? s???e?t??se?? ??e? ?pa?t??? d??s?

41
F?S?????????S ?????????? ?????

• ß??s?eta? s?????? se µ????? s???e?t??se?? sta
  f?s??? ?e??.
• ? µ???st? ep?t?ept? s?????t??s? t?? st? p?s?µ?
  ?e?? e??a? 12 mg/L.
• ???a? apa?a?t?t? ??ept??? s?stat??? t?? f?t????
  ???a??sµ??. ?????e? t?? ??a??t?ta af?µ???s??
  d???e?d??? t?? ????a?a.
• Se µe???e? s???e?t??se?? ??e? ?pa?t??? d??s? e??
  se p??? µe???e? e??a? t?????

42
F?S?????????S ?????????? ??t???

• e?s???eta? sta f?s??? ?e?? ap? d??f??a pet??µata
  ????t? ????????? ??t???, a??????p???t??? ????t?
  ?at???? (NaAlSiO4, NaAlSi3O8).
• ?? s???e?t??se?? ?at???? sta ????? f?s??? ?e??
  e??a? µ????.
• ?e???e? s???e?t??se?? ?fe????ta? se ??p?sµata,
  e?s??? ?a??ss??? ?e???.
• ? µ???st? ep?t?ept? s?????t??s? st? p?s?µ? ?e??
  e??a? 150-175 mg/L. ??de??t??? t?µ? 20 mg/L.
• ??a ap? ta a????a?a s?stat??? (Ca2, Mg2, ?a)
  p?? p??sd?????eta? sta epe?e??asµ??a ast???
  ??µata ??a t?? a???????s? t?? ?ata?????t?ta? t??
  ??µ?t?? ??a ??de?s? edaf??.
• d?sµe?? ep?d?as? sta ed?f? ?a? st?? ?a??????e?e?.
  

43
???????? ????? G?? ????????? ???S? ? s??te?est??
p??s??f?s?? ?at???? (Sodium Adsorption Ratio)
???st?? ?? S.A.R ?s??ta? µe
?p?? ?? s???e?t??se?? ?a, Ca ?a? ?g a?af????ta?
se meq/L
?s? p?? µ???? t?µ? ??e? ? pa?ap??? s??s? t?s?
?a??te?? t? ?e?? ??a ??de?s? (lt3). ?? t?µ??
S.A.R µetaß?????ta? se s????t?s? µe t?? e?d???
a????µ?t?ta.