AP World History Chapter 8

1
AP World HistoryChapter 8

• African Civilization
• And the Spread of Islam

2
(No Transcript)
3
Africa

• Stateless Societies
• Kinship fundamental
• Secret societies
• Common Elements in African Societies
• Bantu migration
• One language base, many dialects
• Animism

4
Hoggar

• Neolithic
• Cave Paintings
• North Africa

5
The Arrival of Islam in North Africa

• Arrival of Islam
• Conquest of Spain, by 711
• Berbers Convert to Islam
• western Sahara and North Africa
• assist conversion
• Islam created in Berber culture
• New social norms
• New armies
• Learned Men
• Fervent Mystics
• New political forms that replaced tribal
  chieftains

6
Arab Indian Ocean Sea Trade
7
Arab Traders
8

• Unlike the conquests of previous religions and
  cultures, the coming of Islam, which was spread
  by Arabs, was to have pervasive and long-lasting
  effects on the Magreb. The new faith, in its
  various forms, would penetrate nearly all
  segments of Berber society, bringing with it
  armies, learned men, and fervent mystics, and in
  large part replacing tribal practices and
  loyalties with new social norms and political
  idioms.
• Nonetheless, the Islamization and Arabization of
  the region was a complicated and lengthy process.
  Whereas nomadic Berbers were quick to convert and
  assist the Arab conquerors, it was not until the
  12th century, under the Almohad Dynasty, that the
  Christian, Jewish and animist communities of the
  Maghreb became marginalized.
• The first Arab military expeditions into the
  Maghreb, between 642 and 669 CE, resulted in the
  spread of Islam. These early forays from a base
  in Egypt occurred under local initiative rather
  than under orders from the central caliphate.
  But, when the seat of the caliphate moved from
  Medina to Damascus, the Umayyads (a Muslim
  dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that
  the strategic necessity of dominating the
  Mediterranean dictated a concerted military
  effort on the North African front. In 670,
  therefore, an Arab army under Ugba ibn Nafi
  established the town of Qayrawan about 160
  kilometers south of present-day Tuns and used it
  as a base for further operations.
• Arab and Berber forces controlled the region in
  turn until 697. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by
  Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of
  North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad
  caliphs ruled.
• The spread of Islam among the Berbers did not
  guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated
  caliphate due to the discriminatory attitude of
  the Arabs. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers
  by taxing them heavily treating converts as
  second-class Muslims and, at worst, by enslaving
  them. As a result, widespread opposition took the
  form of open revolt in 739-40 under the banner of
  Ibadin Islam. The Ibadin had been fighting
  Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were
  attracted by the sect's seemingly egalitarian
  precepts.
• In the power hierarchy, Berbers were situated
  between the Arabic aristocracy and the Muladi
  populace. Ethnic rivalry was one of the most
  important factors driving Analusi politics.
  Berbers made up as much as 20 of the population
  of the occupied territory. After the fall of the
  Caliphate, the Taifa kingdoms of Toledo, Badajoz,
  Malega and Granada had Berber rulers. During the
  Reconquista, Berbers in the areas which became
  Christian kingdoms were hispanised and lost their
  distinct identity, their descendants being among
  present-day Spaniards.

9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)