Myers

1
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

• Chapter 6
• Perception ?
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers

2
QUICK! Describe what you see
3
X Marks the spot!Stare at the XWhat do you
see??

• Selective Attention focus of conscious awareness
  on a particular stimulus
• Per second our 5 senses take in about 11 million
  bits of info
• We have to selectively attend
• What is the cocktail party effect?

4
Change Blindness We are blind to change
Whats going on here? See Door Study In Psy
video Files
AlsoSee Funny example in Video Files
5
Perceptual Illusions Which illusion is this one?
6
Perceptual Organization Using Muller-Lyer
Illusion in drawings
7
Perceptual Illusions Big person, tiny
person..See Best Illus. ever
8
Perceptual Illusions How did this happen??
(slide 39/p. 246)
9
Perceptual Organization Size-Distance
Relationship (slide 5/6) Trapezoidal Room
Illusion
10
Perceptual Illusions Which disks look farther
away?
11
Perceptual Illusions
12
Perceptual Illusions What do the pale lines in
w/in the black look like? Do they seem to
continue (tied together)?
13
Perceptual Illusions Describe this
drawingSee p. 235 Hold book upside down
lookIs it the same thing or not?
14
(No Transcript)
15
Perceptual Organization Gestalt

• Visual Capture tendency for vision to dominate
  the other senses
• EX Watching movie know the projector is
  behind us w/ speakersBut where do we perceive
  the sound as coming from?
• Gestalt German word for form or whole
• --refers an organized whole
• Our tendency to bring pieces of info into
  meaningful wholes.
• Our brain tends to organize infowe dont like
  fragments
• There are 5 basic principles of grouping(or
  gestalt principles) ?

16
Perceptual Organization Gestalt

• Grouping the perceptual tendency to organize
  stimuli into coherent groups
• Grouping Principles
• proximity--group of nearby figures
• similarity--group of similar figures
• continuity--perceive continuous patterns
• closure--fill in gaps
• connectedness--spots, lines, areas are seen as
  unit when connected

17
Perceptual Organization Grouping (Gestalt)
Principles
18

• Gestalt EX 4 linesor a square?
• Explains how we group sensations fill in gaps
  to make sense of our world.
• 4 Gestalt Principles proximity, continuity,
  similarity, simplicity, closure.

19
Perceptual Organization Illusory (illusions)
Contours (edges or shapes)
20
Perceptual Organization

• Figure Ground--organization of the
• visual field into objects (figures) that stand
  out from their surroundings (ground)

21

• Face/vase? A
• B this one is several

22
Perceptual Organization Closure We see
what? A B

• Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

23
Gestalt continuity
24
Perceptual Organization Using Grouping
Principles

• Gestalt grouping principles are at work here
• Which?
• (see slide 42)

25
Perceptual Organization Grouping Principles

• Impossible doghouse

26
Gestalt Interesting info

• Max Wertheimer - a founder of the Gestalt school
  is famous for discovery of the phi phenomenon,
  the experience of apparent motion when there is
  none. 
• Kurt Koffka -  wrote the first book on the
  principles of Gestalt psychology in 1935. 
• Wolfgang Kohler - developed the theory of insight
  and generalization of knowledge. 

27
Perceptual. Organization

• Depth Perception
• ability to see objects in 3 dimensions
• allows us to judge distance using binocular
  monocular cues
• Binocular cues
• retinal disparity
• images from the two eyes differ make your finger
  move! finger sausage
• closer the object, the larger the disparity
• convergence
• neuromuscular cue
• two eyes move inward for nearer objects follow
  that finger!

28
Depth Perception How early can babies perceive
depth?
Visual Cliff
29
Perceptual Organization Depth Perception

• 8 Monocular Cues needing 1 eye only
• (see Baseball slide 26 ? Find Exs of
  each)
• Relative size smaller image is more distant
• -little players in back farther away
• Interposition closer object blocks distant
  object
• -legs of guys in front block other guys
• Relative clarity hazy (blurred) object seen as
  more distantfans in the distance last guy gets
  blurry
• Texture less detail coarse close
  fine distant
• These all help us see depth (4 more ? 28)

30
Relative Texture (course vs. fine)
Clarity (clear vs. hazy)
31
Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Relative Size
32
Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Interposition A purposely confuses
figure/ground using interposition B uses
interposition to show depthlook at baby on her
lap A B
33
Percept. Organiz. Depth Perception

• Monocular Cues (cont.)
• relative height
• higher objects seen as more distant
• relative motion (motion parallax)
• closer objects seem to move faster
• linear perspective
• parallel lines converge with distance
• relative brightness
• closer objects appear brighter

34
relative brightnesscloser objects appear
brighter
35
Relative height higher objects seen as more
distant Linear
perspective parallel lines converge
to show distance
36
Depth PerceptionWhich line is longer?
Relative Height
37
Illusion of Perceived Motion
38
This next 2 slides Are any of these items
moving? Or are they perfectly still??
39
Illusion of motion
40
Nowfocus completely on ONE single almondWhat
happens?
41
Perceived motion Stroboscopic (Think strobe
light)

• Non digital photography
• w/ stroboscopic lamp
• varying speeds
• (sometimes used in discos or nightclubs).
• Long, slow shutter
• speeds w/multiple
• exposures

42
Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Illusory Depth These stairs are just cut out
from paper are just lying on the table... How
does it work? (See Slide 38/p. 245)

• 4

43
Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Illusory Depth Explanation
44
Depth Perception Artists use of these
WHICH types of Perspective Techniques do you see?
45

• ID depth cues in this painting by Gustav
  Callibotte
• Paris on a Rainy Day

46

• Cimabue, 1200s
• The Madonna Jesus
• Note how flat these figures appear...
• Artists had not yet
• learned to use
• techniques to show depth

47
Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Which appears to go in Which appears in front?
WHY?
Light and Shadow
48

• Perceptual Constancy (staying constant)
• perceiving objects as unchanging even as
  illumination retinal image change
• --color --shape --size -brightness

49
Monocular cues for distancea) Fooled by which
cues?b) Ponzo illusionwhich cue is wrong here?
50
Perceptual Organization- Brightness Contrast (p.
247)Squares A B 1 darker or lighteror same?
51
Sensory Restriction (p. 249)Blakemore Cooper,
1970

• Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal
  lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal
  bars
• Need to learn to see these when we are v. young

52
Perceptual Interpretation

• Perceptual Adaptation
• (Vision) ability to adjust to an artificially
  displaced visual field
• prism glasses Touch the dot!!
• Perceptual Set (What do you see???)
• A mental predisposition to perceive one thing
  not another
• We tend to see what we expect to seeor
  hearremember the backwards masking? Who was
  more likely to hear it?
• ALSOwhat we are USED to seeing/hearing in a
  certain situation

53
Perceptual Set Schemas

• What you see in the center is influenced by
  perceptual set , or mental disposition
• EX If we know a pair are mother child,
  we see a resemblance
• Based on schemas we have as to what we will see
  next
• How can this affect what we see? Jesus on a
  tortilla word Allah on a sliced potatoetc
• STRONGLY affected by context effects If you
  see a waiter from your favorite restaurant at
  K-Mart, you may KNOW you know thembut in that
  context not be able to recognize them.

54
2 Philosophers ideas perceptual set

• Immanuel Kant  The mind shapes experienceEX
  the concepts of space and time were programmed
  into the human brain
• SoPerception depends on
• innate ways of organizing sensory experience
• Locke 
• Perception is based on experience
• Were born a blank slate (tabula rasa) on which
  experience teaches us)
• Which would relate more to bottom-up?
• Which to top-down??

55
Perceptual Set Schemas What you see is what
you get? Or is it what you expect to see is
what you get?? See P. 252 anti-caricature ?
real person?
Flying Saucers or Clouds?
56

• Culture perceptual set
• (p.254) What is in the picture?
• What
• did
• Western
• cultures
• see?
• What
• did
• East
• African
• cultures
• see?
• --------------------
• WHAT do YOU see??? ? ? ? (1/2 leave)

57
What we see or know before hand influences what
we see nextFamous experiment for Perceptual
Set Group 1 Shown drawings of various
animals Group 2 Shown drawings of human
faces Control group Shown no pictures
beforehand. -81 of the control group
reported seeing the ambiguous image as a man
rather than a rat. -The more pictures of
animals that the 'animal' group saw b4, the more
likely to see a rat rather than a man (w/ 4
prior images of animals, 100 then saw a rat).
WHAT do YOU see??? ? ? ? (1/2 leave room!)
58
Identify EACH
59
Is it a manor a mouse? Prior experience DOES
influence what we see
Identify EACH
60
Is it a manor a mouse? Prior experience DOES
influence what we see If they saw the faces
FIRST, 73-80 subsequently saw a man rather than
a rat.
61
Wife or Mother-in-Law? Age P-S
62

• QUICK!!!!! In 15 seconds
• ?Count the" Fs" in the following text
• FINISHED FILES ARE THE
• RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC
• STUDY COMBINED WITH THE
• EXPERIENCE OF YEARS...
• Write down how many

63

• THERE ARE 6 -- no joke.
• FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT OF YEARS OF
  SCIENTIFIC STUDY COMBINED WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF
  YEARS...
• This has to do with the way we perceive wordsThe
  brain has trouble perceiving "OF".
• 3 is normal, 4 is quite rare all 6 exceptional
• ..unless you HAVE seen this before..
• ?

64
The Stroop Effect Name the color of the
squares. (next ? color of wd.)
65
Now... NAME the color of the wordsThis is
called the __?__ effect
66

• Human Factors Psychology explores how people
  machines interact
• explores how to adapt machine physical
  environments to human behaviors
• EX My VCR/DVD/TV situationCould someone make a
  fortune making that easy to coordinate??!
• Natural mapping Stove design below
• -Using the way the brain understands makes it
• more functional

67
Perceptual Set Human Factors Read P. 255-6
Used for pilot error reduction Application
68

• Biopsychosocial perspective
• An interaction of CULTURE..EXPERIENCEand
  BIOLOGY shape our perceptions of our world

69
Is There Extrasensory Perception?

• Extrasensory Perception Controversial claim
  that perception can occur apart from sensory
  input
• Telepathy reading ppls minds
• Clairvoyance Seeing something happening w/o
  actually being there
• Precognition Knowing something b4 it happens
• Parapsychology Study of paranormal phenomena
• ESP ?
• Psychokinesis moving or bending materials w/
  your mind only
• Top 260 What is the final result after 1000s
  of experiments on ESP?
• How could perceptual set have an effect on
  someones belief that this has happened?
• Know the terms above!!!