Parts of Speech

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Parts of Speech
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8 Parts of Speech

• Noun-names
• Pronoun-replaces names
• Verb-states action or being
• Adjective-describes nouns or pronouns
• Adverb-describes or limits verbs, adjectives or
  other adverbs
• Preposition-relates
• Conjunction-connects
• Interjection-expresses strong feeling!

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Nouns--- people, place, thing, idea

• Types

• Common-non specific names
• man, church, country
• Proper-specific names
• Jim, The Arch, Chicago
• always capitalized
• Compound-includes more than 1 word
• Separate words---living room
• Hyphenated words---break-in twenty-one
• Combined words---birdhouse, flashlight
• Collective-represents a group
• class, family, team, choir, jury

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Types of Pronouns

• Personal---I, me, my, you, our, we, they
• Reflexive---end in self (myself, herself,
  themselves) NOT hisself or themself
• Indefinite---refer to unnamed people, places,
  ideas (see pg. 33 for the list)
• Demonstrative---this, that, these, those but only
  when used by themselves.
• NOTThis book is lost. This is cold.
• (adjective) (pronoun)
• Interrogative---ask questions. Who, what, which,
  whom, whose
• Relative---who, whom, whose, that, which

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Pronouns

• Pronouns take the place of nouns
• Must agree in gender and number with the noun to
  which it refers

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Antecedent

• This is noun that the pronoun is taking the place
  of.
• Justin said he couldnt go to the game.
• (antecedent) (pronoun)
• Alan caught the ball and threw it to first base.
  (antecedent) (pronoun)

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Pronouns as Antecedents

• Some pronouns are always singular no matter what
  object of the preposition is. (see pg 225)
• Always singular pronouns should have a singular
  antecedent and verb.
• Singular pronouns as the subject of the sentence
• One of the girls left (her/their) purse on the
  table.
• What is the subject of the sentence? What is
  correct pronoun choice?

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Always Plural Pronouns

• Both, few, many and several are always plural.
• Few of my neighbors have their own garage.

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Singular or Plural Pronouns

• These are TRICKY
• All, any, most, none, or some
• In order to determine what word the pronoun must
  agree with, you have to look at the object of the
  preposition.
• Most of the performers played their own music.
• None of the class has its homework.
• None of the students have their homework.

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Who and Whom (8min)

• Who is nominative pronoun
• Subject or Predicate Nominative
• Whom is objective pronoun
• Object of preposition, DO, IO
• TEST If you can replace the whom with the word
  him and the sentence makes sense, then the
  correct pronoun use is whom.
• I gave the book to whom?To whom did I give the
  book? HIM

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Special Problems with Pronouns

• Who and whom
• Who nominative
• Whom objective
• Elliptical clauses
• omission. Finish the clause to see how the
  pronoun is being used.

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Verbs Verb Phrases

• Verbs can be action, linking, or helping
• Action verbs tell the action the subject is
  doing.
• Example The man walked to the store.
• Linking verbs are used when the subject is being
  described. They are state of being verbs
• Example The dinner was cold.
• Was is the linking verb to connect dinner and
  cold.

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• Helping verbs are used to create a verb phrase.
• Example The snowflakes were falling on the
  ground.
• Were is the helping verb that is used with
  falling to create the verb phrase were falling

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Adjectives

• Describe nouns and pronouns
• Answers the questions which ones, how many, what
  kind
• If two are used in succession, they are separated
  by a comma
• The large, furry rabbit ate the green, leafy
  lettuce
• Sometimes, adjectives can really be nouns or
  pronouns
• Her article appeared in the school newspaper.
• Her article for school appeared in the newspaper.
• This is very interesting.
• This book is very interesting.

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Adverbs

• Describe or limit verbs, adjectives, or other
  adverbs
• Often (but not always) end in ly
• Answers the questions when, where, how, to what
  extent