Blood!!

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Blood!!
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Blood

• The fluid portion of cardiovascular system
• Connective Tissue
• Serves the bodys 75 Trillion Cells!! WOW!

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Blood

• Blood is a sticky opaque fluid with a
  characteristic metallic taste.
• Blood has a pH of 7.3-7.4
• Oxygen rich blood is more scarlet in color while
  oxygen poor blood is a dark red color.
• Average adult male has 5-6 liters of blood, while
  the female is slightly less with 4-5 L.

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Functions of Blood

• Transports
• Gases
• Nutrients
• Electrolytes
• Hormones
• Wastes ex urea and uric acid

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Functions of Blood

• Restricts blood loss
• Clotting
• Defends against pathogens and toxins.
• White blood cells
• Antibodies
• Distributes heat produced by cells
• Regulates interstitial fluid by exchange with
  capillaries.

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Blood and Blood Cells

• Whole blood is slightly heavier 3 to 4 times more
  viscous than water.
• Its cell form mostly in red bone marrow, include
  white and red blood cells. (Bone marrow
  transplants often take place in the ilium..your
  hip)
• Blood also contains cellular fragments called
  blood platelets.

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Composition of Blood

• Whole Blood
• Plasma formed elements
• a solution cells platelets

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Composition of Blood

• 45 Formed elements
• Platelets
• Red Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells
• Most of the formed elements is RBC..99

• 55 Plasma
• Electrolytes
• Water
• Proteins- Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen
• Wastes
• Gases
• Nutrients, Vitamins, Hormones.

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Blood

• If a sample of blood is spun in a centrifuge, the
  heavier formed elements are packed down by the
  centrifugal force and the less dense plasma
  remains at the top.

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Blood

• You have three distinct layers
• Plasma (55 of whole blood)
• Buggy Coat- (leukocytes and platelets lt 1 of
  whole blood)
• Erythrocytes (45 of whole blood)

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Blood
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Blood Plasma
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Plasma

• (You may have to add this material to your
  notesNOT in guided reading)
• Function
• Maintaining osmotic balance,
• Buffering against pH changes
• Maintain blood viscosity
• Transporting materials through blood
• Blood clotting.

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Erythrocytes aka Red Blood Cells

• Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) are tiny flattened
  discs with depressed centers.
• They have no nucleus and have basically no
  organelles.
• Essentially they are little bags of hemoglobin
  (Hb) which is the protein that functions in gas
  transport.

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Erythrocytes aka Red Blood Cells

• It is its special shape that is an adaptations
  that allows it to readily squeeze through the
  narrow passages of capillaries.

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Structure of Hemoglobin

• Hemoglobin, the protein that makes red blood
  cells red, binds easily and reversibly with
  oxygen, and most oxygen carried in blood is bound
  to hemoglobin.

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Erythrocytes aka Red Blood Cells

• The number or count varies from individual to
  individual.
• Increase in number during strenuous exercise,
  increase in altitude

• They live approx. 120 days and travel through the
  body about 75,000 times.
• They age with time, they become more fragile and
  can be damaged simply by passing through
  capillaries.

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Erythrocytes aka Red Blood Cells

• The production of RBC are controlled through
  Negative Feedback and a hormone called
  erythroprotein.

• A deficiency of red blood cells or a reduction in
  the amount of the hemoglobin they contain results
  in a condition called anemia.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

• Sickle cell anemia (uh-NEE-me-uh) is a serious
  disease in which the body makes sickle-shaped red
  blood cells. Sickle-shaped means that the red
  blood cells are shaped like a "C."

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Sickle Cell Anemia

• Sickle cells contain abnormal hemoglobin that
  causes the cells to have a sickle shape.
  Sickle-shaped cells dont move easily through
  your blood vessels. Theyre stiff and sticky and
  tend to form clumps and get stuck in the blood
  vessels. (Other cells also may play a role in
  this clumping process.)
• The clumps of sickle cells block blood flow in
  the blood vessels that lead to the limbs and
  organs. Blocked blood vessels can cause pain,
  serious infections, and organ damage.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

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Leukocytesaka White Blood Cell

• White Blood cells or leukocytes protect against
  disease.
• Work outside the circulatory system.
• They are transported in the blood to sites of
  infections.

• Leukocytes can phagocytize bacterial cells in the
  body.
• Other produce antibodies that destroy foreign
  particles.

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Leukocytesaka White Blood Cell

• White Blood cell count should range between
  5-10,000 per cubic millimeter.
• Too many is called leukocytosis- could indicate
  acute infections such as appendicitis

• Too few is called leukopeniasuch a deficiency
  may accompany typhoid fever, influenza, measles,
  mumps

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Leukocytesaka White Blood Cell

• There are five different types of white blood
  cells.
• Neutrophilis
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Eosiniphils
• Bbasophils

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Blood Platelets

• Blood platelets are not complete cells, less than
  half the size of a RBC.
• Help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to
  broken surfaces.
• They release serotonin, which contracts smooth
  muscles in the vessel walls, reducing blood flow.
  

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Composition of Blood
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Types of Blood Cells
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Hemostasis

• Refers to the stoppage of bleeding.
• Is vitally important when smaller blood vessels
  are damaged.
• Larger vessels may result in a severe hemorrhage
  that requires treatment.
• Following injury, these 3 actions may prevent
  blood loss
• Blood Vessel Spasm
• Platelet Plug Formation
• Blood Coagulation

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Extrinsic and Intrinsic Clotting Mechanisms.

• Extrinsic Triggered when blood contacts damaged
  blood vessel walls or tissues outside blood
  vessels.

• Intrinsic Stimulated when blood contacts with
  foreign surfaces in the absence of tissue damage.
• All components necessary are in blood.

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Blood Vessel Spasm

• Cutting or breaking a smaller blood vessel
  stimulates the smooth muscles in its wall to
  contract, an event called vasospasm.
• Blood loss lessens immediately and severed vessel
  may close.
• This effect results from stimulation of vessel as
  well as reflexes elicited by receptors.
• Blockage called platelet plug has formed and
  blood is coagulating.

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Platelet Plug Formation

• Platelets stick to exposed ends of injured blood
  vessels.
• They adhere to any rough surfaces.
• When in contact with collagen, shapes change
  drastically.
• Platelets stick to each other forming a platelet
  plug in the vascular break.

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Platelet Plug Cont.

• A plug may control blood loss from a small break,
  but a larger one may require a blood clot to halt
  bleeding.

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Blood Coagulation

• The most effective hemostatic mechanism.
• Causes formation of a blood clot by a series of
  reactions, each one activating the next in a
  chain reaction.
• May occur in extrinsic or intrinsic clotting
  mechanism.
• Utilizes many biochemicals called clotting
  factors.
• Vitamin K is necessary.

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Blood Coagulation Cont.

• The major event in blood clot formation is
  conversion of the soluble plasma protein
  fibrinogen into insoluble threads of the protein
  fibrin.
• Activation of certain plasma proteins triggers
  the conversion.

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Blood Types

• In 1910, Physician Karl Landsteiner identified
  the ABO blood antigen gene.
• Today 20 different genes are know to contribute
  to the surface features of red blood cells, which
  determine compatibility between blood type.
• Agglutination Clumping of red blood cells when
  testing blood compatibility or resulting from a
  transfusion reaction.

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Antigens and Antibodies

• Although there are many different antigenes in
  humans only a few of them trigger serious
  transfusion complications.
• Antigens Red blood cell surface molecules.
• Antibodies Proteins carried in plasma.
• Avoiding the mixture of certain kinds of
  antigens and anitbodies prevents adverse
  transfusion reactions.

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ABO

• ABO blood group is based on the presence ( or
  absence) of 2 major antigens, A and B.
• A persons antigen combination can be only A, only
  B, both A and B, or neither A nor B.
• If persons antigen is
• Only A A blood type.
• Only B B blood type.
• Both A and B AB blood type.
• Neither A nor B Type O blood.

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Permissible Transfusion!!

• You must keep in mind that you cannot except a
  blood type that has anitbodies against your own.

• O is often called the universal donor because it
  lacks antigen A and B, however it does contain
  BOTH anti A and anti B antibodies so it can only
  except blood from another type O.

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Blood Types
Blood Type Antigen Antibody
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB A and B Neither anti-A nor anti-B
O Neither A nor B Both anti-A and anti-B
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Preferred and Permissible Blood Types
Blood Type of Recipient Preferred Blood Type of Donor Permissible Blood Type of Donor
A A A, O
B B B, O
AB AB AB, A, B, O
O O O
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The Rh Blood Type System

•  
• When we are told our blood type, it is usually
  expressed as a letter followed by either a
  positive () or negative (-). 
• This positive and negative indicates the Rh
  factor. The Rh factor determines the presence or
  absence of a protein on the surface of the RBC.
  If you carry this protein, you are Rh positive.
  If you don't carry the protein, you are Rh
  negative
• 85 of the population is Rh .

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The Rh Blood Type System

•  
• The Rh system is actually much more complicated
  than the ABO system because there are more than
  30 combinations possible when inherited, however
  for general usage, the Rh proteins are grouped
  into two families - either positive or negative.

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The Rh Blood Type System

•  
• As with the ABO system, there is a dominant
  allele which happens to be the positive family. 
  This means that the genetic pairs that can exist
  in humans are as follows
• Genetic makeup Blood type
• Rh positive
• - Rh positive
• -- Rh negative

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The Rh Blood Type System

• Rh blood can never be given to someone with Rh -
  blood, but the other way around works. For
  example, 0 Rh blood can not be given to someone
  with the blood type AB Rh -.
• People with blood group 0 Rh - are called
  "universal donors" and people with blood group AB
  Rh are called "universal receivers."

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Agglutination

• For a blood transfusion to be successful, AB0 and
  Rh blood groups must be compatible between the
  donor blood and the patient blood.
• If they are not, the red blood cells from the
  donated blood will clump or agglutinate. The
  agglutinated red cells can clog blood vessels and
  stop the circulation of the blood to various
  parts of the body.
• The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and
  its contents leak out in the body. The red blood
  cells contain hemoglobin which becomes toxic when
  outside the cell. This can have fatal
  consequences for the patient.

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Can blood type effect pregnancy?

• Rh Compatibility?
• When you find out you are pregnant one of the
  first things you will have is your blood type
  testedwhy??
• Any issue regarding this primarily focuses on the
  Rh protein(,-) more than the typinglike A, or
  AB.

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Rh Compatibility

• If you and your baby are Rh-negative, there's no
  problem, since you both have the same Rh type.
• If the father's genes are - Rh positive, and
  the mother's are - Rh positive, the baby can
  be Rh positive
• - Rh positive
• - - Rh negative

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Rh Compatibility

• If a father's Rh factor genes are , and the
  mother's are - -, the baby will have one from
  the father and one - gene from the mother. The
  baby will be - Rh positive.

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Can blood type effect pregnancy?

• If you're Rh-negative and your baby is
  Rh-positive (thanks to your husband's genes),
  that's fine. until your blood mixes with your
  baby's blood a bit during placental separation at
  birth.
• At that critical point, fetal blood cells can
  accidentally combine with your system, and you
  make antibodies to fight them.

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Can blood type effect pregnancy?

• Your immune system is successful in vanquishing
  these stray fetal blood cells in your
  circulation.
• This is of no consequence, because once they've
  gotten rid of the baby's blood cells in your
  system, they have no other job. And they can't
  filter back through to your baby's blood, because
  delivery has already taken place.
• The antibodies you made just remain in your
  circulation waiting. For what? For your next
  pregnancy. Herein lies the problem!!!

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Can blood type effect pregnancy?

• In the modern world of obstetrics they now
  monitor blood typing closelyshortly before or
  after delivery the Rh- mother is given a RhoGAM
  shot.
• This LIMITS moms body from producing those
  antibodies that would actually cross through the
  placenta in a second baby and attack the babies
  RBC.

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Hemolytic Disease

• This means you have become sensitized and your
  antibodies can cross the placenta and attack your
  babys blood.
• They break down the fetuss red blood cells and
  produce anemia (the blood has a low number of red
  blood cells).
• This condition is called hemolytic disease or
  hemolytic anemia.
• It can become severe enough to cause serious
  illness, brain damage, or even death in the fetus
  or newborn.

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Hemolytic Disease

• Sensitization can occur any time the fetuss
  blood mixes with the mothers blood. It can occur
  if an Rh-negative woman has had
• A miscarriage
• An induced abortion or menstrual extraction
• An ectopic pregnancy
• Chorionic villus sampling
• A blood transfusion

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vt0pyd_-uJvg
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vCRh_dAzXuoU